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Che Students’ Series of Latin Classics 





BOOK OF 
LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


FOR THE USE OF COLLEGES AND ADVANCED 
CLASSES IN SCHOOLS 


BY 


JEFFERSON ELMORE, Pu.D. 


ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF LATIN, 
STANFORD UNIVERSITY 


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BENJ. H. SANBORN & CO. 
BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 
1909 


CopyriaHT, 1909, 
By JEFFERSON ELMORE. 


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Norwood Press 
J. 8. Cushing Co. — Berwick & Smith Co. 
Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 


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PREFACE 


THis book aims to provide first for systematic 
work in syntax to reénforce and supplement that 
of the usual preparatory course. For convenience, 
the constructions selected for special attention are 
illustrated in short notes at the beginning of each 
chapter. 

The exercises in point of vocabulary are intended 
to be closely connected with the student’s reading, 
and to this end have in view words which occur in 
texts (such as Cicero’s Cato Major, the Andria, and 
the Phormio of Terence) which are usually read 
early in the college course. Most of the required. 
words have, however, already been met with in the 
preparatory authors. In fact a comparison shows 
that more than ninety per cent of the Vocabulary 
of this book is also found in Lodge’s Vocabulary of 
High School Latin. | 

In subject-matter the exercises depart somewhat 
widely from the conventional type; they are not 
based on a text, but seek to embody facts and ideas 
more or less familiar in everyday experience. It is 
highly desirable, I think, that the writing of Latin 
should be brought more directly into contact with 
the student’s life and be made, as far as possible, a 

; , 


: 


Vl PREFACE 


real exercise in the translation of his experience, 
and I have tried to provide material which should 
at least look in this direction. To do this and at 
the same time keep substantially within the vocabu- 
lary used in reading, it has been necessary, of course, 
to adapt the latter to many modern contexts. But 
this, so far from being a difficulty or a drawback, 
seems to me to have numerous possibilities for the 
improvement of the whole subject. 

I have also tried, if possible, to make the exercises 
interesting in themselves, believing that this is a 
means of giving a vitality to Latin Composition 
which, as a rule, it would not now seem to possess. 

Of the two exercises into which each chapter is 
divided the first is the simpler. This arrangement 
has particularly in mind classes of differing degrees 
of proficiency. 

I am much indebted to Miss Mary Balsbach for 
help in putting the vocabulary into shape; Miss 
Ada Hosford and Miss Marie Hansen have also 
rendered assistance. I have especially to thank 
Professor Fairclough, the editor-in-chief of the series, 
for many suggestions and for generous assistance 
while the book was in press. 

JEFFERSON ELMORE. 


STANFORD UNIVERSITY, 
July, 1909. 





The references to the grammars are abbreviated as follows : — 


A. Allen and Greenough’s Latin Grammar (revised edition). 
B. Bennett’s Latin Grammar. 

G. Gildersleeve and Lodge’s Latin Grammar. 

H. Harkness’s Latin Grammar, Complete Edition. 

H. & B. Hale and Buck’s Latin Grammar. 

L. Lane’s Latin Grammar (revised). 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


CHAPTER I 
THE INDEFINITE SECOND PERSON 


Usages to be noted: 


1. An indefinite subject (such as the English one, 
the French on, and the Greek vs) is often, though 
not always, expressed in Latin by the second person 
singular. So also you in such sentences as “ you can 
never tell.” Thus, isto bono utare: make use of the 
good that you have. Quid hoc homine facias? What 
would one do with such a man? 

2. Notice that when an indefinite second person is 
used in a dependent clause, it requires the subjunc- 
tive, though the indicative would otherwise be the 
rule. Thus, at memoria minuitur. Credo, nisi eam 
exerceas: but (it is said) the memory fails. True, if 
one does not exercise tt. 


Cf. A. 489, a; B. 356, 3; G. 580, 595, 3; H. 388, 602, 4; H.&B. 
286 ; L. 1030, 1859. 


Exercise 1 
When one writes in his own language, the task is 
not altogether difficult. It may! even be pleasant. 
We know that Cicero enjoyed the composition of his 


1 potest. 
1 


2 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


books. Terence, too, took great pleasure in writing 
his plays. We ourselves like! to use our own tongue, 
even if we do not write books. But when one at- 
tempts to express? his thoughts in another language, 
it is often neither easy nor pleasant. And yet it is 
extremely useful. In no other way perhaps can one 
learn so much in so short atime. In this book our 
task is to translate into Latin. To many this seems 
a most disagreeable and difficult subject. But if one 
gives attention to it, it is not unpleasant. It is easy 
to see how useful such an exercise is. Let us begin, 
therefore, with a stout? heart. Perhaps in the end‘ 
we may® be able to write in Latin on weighty® 
themes.’ Some may even compose Latin verse. 


Exercise 2 


In his book on old age Cicero tells how pleasant 
its composition had been® to him. It lightened his 
cares, freed him to a great extent® from the burdens 
of age, and was its own great reward. ‘Terence, too, 
as one can see from the prologues, was much inter- 
ested in composing his plays, and could not be de- 
terred by the ill-natured attacks of an older poet. 
It was his task to! please the public, but in doing 


1 Express by libenter; to like to do something, in the Latin, 
idiom, is to do something gladly. * dicere or loqui; the former 
implies attention to style, the latter rather the conversational man- 
ner. *bonus. ‘denique. °may=shall. °® gravis. 7 Omit. 
8 Secondary sequence after historical present. °% partem. 1 Ex- 
planatory ut-clause. A. 571; B. 297,3; G. 557; H. 571,2; H. & 
B. 521, 3; L. 1968. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 3 


this he also pleased himself. Our own work is of a 
somewhat different character, but if one gives to it 
his best! efforts, it also will be full of pleasure and 
instruction. How important? it is can be seen from 
the length of time which is usually bestowed upon it. 
In the lower school, there is scarcely a day when one 
does not write something in Latin. “ You cannot,” 
the teacher keeps saying, “otherwise so usefully 
employ your time.” When we come? later to pursue 
the higher studies, we toil at the same task. It is to 
be regretted that® we do not pay more attention in 
our country to the making of Latin verses, for this 
kind of composition could® easily be both useful and 
pleasant. 


CHAPTER II 
PERSONAL PRONOUNS: ZGO AND NOS 


Usages to be noted: 


3. Ego and the nominative nos are not confined to 
cases of emphasis by contrast and the like, but are 
somewhat freely used to give a more personal touch 
to the sentence, as, ¢.g., in the narration of personal 
experience. 

4. Nos may designate a singular subject, but it is 
not to be regarded as the precise equivalent of ego. 


lie. all his. ? quanti, gen. of indef. value. * Omit. * i.e. be- 
gin. © Acc. and inf. ® Potential subjunctive. 


4 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


The probable distinction is that, while ego is the sub- 
ject as a private individual, nos suggests him in some 
public or official relation, such as that of author, 
statesman, financier, etc. This latter usage has been 
called the nos of dignity. Compare the similar use 
of the first person plural with omission of the pro- 
noun, for the first person singular, as in sed de cete- 
ris et diximus, multa et saepe dicemus: however, I have 
expressed myself at length on other topics and will do 
so frequently. 


Cf. A. 295, a; B. 242; G. 207, 304; H. 6002; H. & B. 267-258; 
L. 1028-1030, 1074. 


Exercise 3 


It is interesting to hear what men say about their 
time of life. Yesterday my friend and J! were walk- 
ing together on the street. We saw two men ad- 
vanced in years engaged in conversation. ‘“ What,” 
said I, “do you suppose these two are talking 
about?” ‘ Very likely,” he replied, “about business 
or the crops or the weather.” When we came near 
I addressed them. ‘May I ask,” said I, “what is 
the subject? of your conversation?” “We were just 
saying,” one of them answered, “how pleasant it is 
to be old. How free we are from responsibilities ! ” 
This reminded us of the conversation? between Soc- 


lie. IT and my friend. ? what is the subject = about what 
(things). *® Either the genitive or the ablative with de is permis- 
sible, the latter being much more frequent in Cicero. A. 351; 
B. 207; G. 376; H. 456, 1; H. & B. 351; L. 1291. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 5 


rates and Cephalus in Plato’s Republic. They, too, 
were persuaded that! years are not an evil. Nor 
could they be prevailed on to? think otherwise. So 
it seemed to them to be old. So, too, it seemed to 
Cato in Cicero’s book. “I have put many thoughts,” 
says the latter, “into the mouth? of Cato which are 
found also in* Plato.” 


Exercise 4 


Some of the thoughts which Cicero puts into the 
mouth of Cato make one think® of the conversation 
between Socrates and Cephalus, which Plato relates 
in the first book of the Republic. “I had gone down 
to the harbor of the city,” he represents Socrates as 
saying in substance,® “to see certain festivities, and 
on my way back’ I met several young men, who per- 
suaded me to go to the house of Cephalus. The 
latter was then an old man, but bore the burden of 
his years cheerfully and wisely. He was indeed a 
man of singular self-control, evenness of temper, and 
practical wisdom. We talked for some time on other 
matters, but I greatly desired to hear how old age 
seemed to him. Accordingly, I asked him many ques- 
tions,® and he answered with much good nature.” ® 
Now Cicero was a great student” of Greek literature, 


1 Acc. and inf. ?ut-clause. °% put in the mouth of = tribuere. 
*apud. ° Substantive clause of result. A. 568; B. 297, 2; G. 
558, 1; H. 571, 3; H. & B. 521, 3; L. 1965. ®%fere. 7 rediens. 
8 i.e. to me asking many things he answered. ® comitas. 1° per- 
studiosus. 


6 | LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


and especially of the works of Plato, one of which 
he had translated into Latin. It is natural,! then, to 
find that he makes use of Plato’s thoughts in this 
book which he has addressed to Atticus. 


CHAPTER III 


THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN 


Usages to be noted: 


5. Ipse in the nominative (like the Greek avdrds) 
may denote the principal person in some relation, 
such as the master (as opposed to his pupils), or the 
head of a house (as opposed to his dependents). 
Thus, paululum obsoni, ipse tristis: a scanty market- 
ing, the master out of sorts, where ipse = master of the 
house. Cf. ipse dixit, the master said. 

6. The principal character with its implied con- 
trast may also be expressed by the oblique cases of 
ipse. Thus, ipsum gestio dari mi in conspectum: J 
am itching to get sight of him. Here ipsum is the 
chief offender, as implicitly contrasted with his advo- 
cate. 

T. The oblique cases of ipse are used in definite 
contrasts. ‘Thus, ipsi liberisque vitam petierunt : they 
begged life for him and his children. 


Cf. A, 298, d, f; B. 249, 2, 8; G. 311, 1, Rem. 1 and 2; H. 509, 
1,2; H. & B. 267-268; L. 2874-2876, 


1 decet. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 7 


Exercise 5 


What is our impression of the scholar? Do you 
think that people in general! hold him and his work 
in high esteem? It would seem? that they do. 
Even those in active life, who usually seek every- 
thing in themselves,? sometimes turn to him for 
advice. And let us think how many there are who 
listen daily to the scholar’s words. Once a young 
man heard that a celebrated philosopher had arrived 
in the city. With much enthusiasm he went early* 
in the morning to the great man’s house. “The 
master,” said the servant who opened the door, “is 
engaged. Will you not return at another time?” 
But. nevertheless the young man remained and ac- 
complished his purpose.® One® need not be old to 
be wise. 


J Exercise 8 


A celebrated scholar of Germany has also given us 
his impressions’ of old age. He was born toward® 
the end of the eighteenth century and lived through 
more® than half of the nineteenth. In him, as in 
some other great men, one could see” a small but 
powerful body and an active and retentive mind. 


l1homines plerique. 2Use the personal construction. 
8 Strengthen the reflexive by the intensive; note that the latter 
has a different case. *multo or bene. ‘i.e. what he desired. 
6 Indefinite second person. 7i.e. has said what he felt. ® sub. 
plus; omit quam. A.407,c; B. 217,3; G.296, Rem.4; H. 471, 
4; H. & B. 416, d; L. 1828. 1 Potential subjunctive. 


8 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


He would! often work all day without cessation.? 
Sometimes he entered on a journey which had oc- 
curred to him only the day before. The world 
admired him for himself as well as for his books. 
He delivered his famous address on old age three 
years before his death, when he was seventy-five 
years old. We do not know what was the imme- 
diate* occasion of his speaking on this subject. Per- 
haps some of those who had long wondered at the 
master’s wisdom came to him and said: “ You have 
seen so much of life that we should like very much 
to hear about the part which you have now reached.” 
And doubtless the master replied: “It is not always 
pleasant for a man® to speak of himself and his opin- 
ions, but if such is your wish I will do my best,® 
even though I should seem to be uttering my own 
praises.” At all events, those who desired to hear 
the great man’ on this subject honored both him and 
themselves. 


CHAPTER IV 


THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 


Usages to be noted: 


8. Note the relation of the demonstratives, hic, 
iste, ille, to the first, second, and third persons. 


1 Sign of habitual action. 2 Render by neque with imperfect of 
desinere. * Use natus with acc. of the cardinal number. ‘4 ipse. 
5 aliquis. ® my best, ut potero. 7 The reference in the exercise 
is to Jacob Grimm and his Rede iiber das Alter. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 9 


Thus, hoc audi means listen to what I am saying, 
and istud intellego, J understand what you are say- 
ing. 

9. Ile often conveys the idea of fame or celebrity ; 
it may precede or follow its substantive, as in magnus 
ille Alexander, that celebrated Alexander the Great; or 
in Cato ille, the famous Cato. 

10. Hic and ille are used in expressions of time, 
and look both forward and backward. His paucis 
diebus may be either in the next few days or in the 
past few days, according to the context. Cf. illos 
aliquot dies, looking to the future, illo biduo, two 
days before, and hoc biennio, two years ago. The day 
before yesterday is nudius tertius. 

Cf. A. 297, b,c, e; B. 246, 3,4; G. 305-306, 307, 2; H. 505, 507, 3, 

4; H. & B. 271, ii; 274, 4; L. 2347, 2356, 2358-2359. (See also 

Meader’s Latin Pronouns, p. 112 f.) 


Exercise 7 


Is the book which you have, written by an ancient 
or a modern author? ‘This one which I have is by 
the famous autocrat at the breakfast table.t Have 
you noticed in recent years that modern writers often 
employ the well-known themes? of the ancients? 
Likewise in what one reads it is perfectly natural to 
return to earlier interests. In Rome many years 
ago a literary? man tried to force his acquaintance 


1 Render the whole phrase by dominus ille apud prandentes. 
2Omit. *doctus. 4 Lit. tried to compel to become acquainted 
with him. 


10 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


on a well-known poet. “I have read and admired 
your poems,” said the former, “ but have never been 
introduced to you personally.” With us this is the 
important! question?: Can we read the books of the 
ancients easily? “It should be as easy,” some one 
has said, “as the drinking® of water.” 


Exercise 8 


On this same subject of old age a delightful dis- 
course has been written by one of* the wittiest of® 
American authors. I mean the famous autocrat of 
the breakfast table. ‘* We first read Cicero’s book,” 
he says, ‘when we are young, and then forget all 
about it for the next few years. Finally we return 
to it by a natural instinct,® provided always that we 
read Latin as we drink water, without’ stopping to 
taste it.” Perhaps you have already read, as one of 
your pleasures, what he makes Old Age say to the 
professor® : 

“Oh, how do you do,® sir?” he says. “I am 
glad to see you so well. I have known you for 
some years, though I think you did not know me.” 

“Will you tell me this,” replied the professor, 
“how it is you seem to be acquainted with every 
one you are introduced to?” 

“TI never compel a man,” said Old Age, “ to recog- 


lipse. 2? deliberatio. *i.e. to drink. *de. ® Omit. ® Use 
desiderium. ‘ without stopping ; render by neque and coérdinate 
clause ; note the idiom. ® Use vir (or homo) doctus. * salve. 
10 Render by vir optime. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 11 


nize me until I have known! him at least for the 
past five years.” 

*Do you mean to say that you have known me 
for so long as that ?” 

“Oh, yes; I left my card? for you longer ago than 
that, but I am afraid you never read it, but I see you 
have it with you.” 

“ Where ?” 

“Between your eyes, three straight lines running 
up and down.” 

In such wise does old age creep upon us. 


CHAPTER V 


INDEFINITE PRONOUNS 


Usages to be noted: 


11. It is impprtant to distinguish the force of 
quisquam; being a word of general meaning (any 
one at all, any one whoever), it is to be used as a rule 
in sweeping conditions, after comparatives, and in 
sentences that are actually or impliedly negative. 
Thus, si quisquam est timidus, ego sum: if any one 
(i.e. any one at all) is afraid, Iam he. Taetrior quam 
quisquam superiorum: more abominable than any of those 
who preceded him. MNeque quisquam habet lepidiorem 
patrem: nor has any one a more charming father. 

12. Quisque, each one, every one, sometimes called. 


1 The indicative. 2? tessera. 


12 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


a distributive, designates a class with respect to the 
individuals that compose it. Attention is here called 
to two idiomatic usages, that with superlatives and 
that with ordinal numerals. Optimus quisque means 
all the best men (taken individually), and optimum 
quidque rarissimum est is the finest things are the 
rarest. For the other usage, cf. quinto quéque anno, 
every four years. 

13. Nescio quis, some one (or other), has the force 
of an indefinite pronoun, and is used in the different 
cases without influence on the modal construction of 
the sentence. Thus, nescio quo pacto = somehow, i.e. 
in some way (or other). 

Cf. A. 811, 313 b, 575 d; B. 252, 4, 5, c, d, 253, 6; G. 317, 318, 2, 
467, x. 1; H. & B. 276, 4, 7, 278, 2b, c; H. 512, 7, 518, 515, 2; 
L. 1788-1789, 2394, 2397, 2402-2403. 


Exercise 9 


Should any one think it important! merely to 
amuse himself? If any one* has this opinion, it 
should not be the young man. He has qualities of 
which there is great need. The best prepared should 
be the most industrious. Once there was a young 
man who was more fortunate than any one of his 
comrades. In school he had attained great distinc- 
tion in his studies, and every other year went abroad 
with his father. On his return? from one of these 


1 magni; note the construction. * quis. A. 310 a; B. 252; 
G. 315; H. 612,1; H. & B. 276,1; L. 2388, *% Lit. to him return- 
ing. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 13 


journeys, his father, who somehow had become very 
wealthy, offered him a large sum of money. “ There 
it is,” he said; “take it and enjoy yourself.” “Thank 
you,” replied the son, “ you are very kind, but I much 
prefer to earn my own rine At a feast every one 
should pay! his own share.” 


Exercise 10 


In Athens, if one may trust the plays of Terence, 
there was scarcely anything which young men of the 
higher classes thought of more importance? than to 
amuse themselves. After leaving? schooly where they 
had been held in check by the fear of the master, 
they turned their attention to different pursuits. 
Those who were the richest kept dogs for hunt- 
ing and supported a stable.t It happened that the 
father every year or two was obliged to leave the 
city on® business. Under such circumstances it 
was a hard task to keep the young men from get- 
ting® into some mischief, such as falling in love or 
squandering the money which their parents had 
saved with great toil. With us almost every young 
man feels that he should devote himself first of all 
to earning aliving. He is indeed grateful to nature 
for imposing’ this necessity upon him. He does not 


1dare. ?See Ex. 9, n. 1. Clause with postquam. ‘ i.e. 
horses. ®ob. ® Render by ne-clause. A. 558, b; B. 294, 3; G. 
548-549 ; H. 568, 8, 595, 2; H. & B. 502, 3, b; L. 1960, 1977, 1986, 
2208. 7 Render by quod-clause. 


14 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


as a rule seek to have more than his friends, but is 
content to be able, as it were, to pay his way in the 
world.} 


CHAPTER VI 


ADVERBS © 


Usages to be noted: 


14. Haud is the negative of single words and is 
preferably confined to adjectives, adverbs, the pro- 
noun quisquam, and such phrases as haud scio an. 
Cf. haud procul, not far; res haud sane difficiles, not 
a very difficult thing ; haud mediocris vir, no ordinary 
man. 

15. When non is one of two negatives that make an 
affirmative, note its position as preceding or follow- 
ing and the consequent change of meaning. Thus, 
non nemo is some one, nemo non, every one; non nml- 
lus, some, nullus non, every ; non nihil, something, nihil ng 
non, everything, etc. 

16. In modifying an adjective or other adverb, the 
rule is that only adverbs of degree (including bene 
and egregie) may be employed. This restricts the 
rendering of the English very (and similar words) 
within a certain range. Ciceronian are admodum, 
bene, sane, valde, while multum, nimium, oppido, 
belong to earlier Latin. Satis and nimis, though 


1 Lit. among men. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 15 


classical, are found mostly in negatives. Thus, 
senex admodum grandis natu, a very old man; classis 
bene magna, a very large fleet; valde probe, quite 
right. 


Cf. A. 320, 326; B. 347, 2, a; G. 439, 1, 2, nn. 2 and 3, 441, 443, 
457, 2; H. 655, 656, 1; H. & B. 297, a, 298, 2; L. 1449, 1462. 


Exercise 11 


In Rome a young poet! who had not been very 
saving was once in great need of money. Accord- 
ingly he asked his intimate friend for a small loan.? 
“Tt is no great favor that I ask,” he said, “and you 
are no good friend of mine if you refuse.” “I will 
give you something,” replied the friend, “but not 
everything of? which you feel the need. Cease to 
be a poet and plead cases in the courts. Then you 
will have the money which you so greatly desire.” 
‘Your advice is doubtless most sound,” said the 
poet, * but shag I really need just now is not advice, 
but money.” Is it not sometimes very convenient 
to have a balance with* a banker: or in the hands of 
a friend? 


Exercise 12 


There is scarcely any one who has not a strong 
desire® to save something of what he earns. Even 


1 The dative with opus erat following. ? Accusative. A. 396; 
B. 178; G. 889; H. 411; H. & B. 393; L. 1169. % desiderare. 
4apud. ° Lit. does not desire strongly. 


16 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


the school-boy, thinking of a present for his mother 
on her birthday, does not spend all his allowance, 
while the man engaged in active life feels himself 
under a still greater compulsion. To get together 
a large sum penny by penny is by no means an easy 
task whether! for men or boys. A very great as- 
sistance is the fact that one can deposit money with 
bankers. The Romans learned this method of do- 
ing? business from the Greeks. They received 
money on deposit,® made loans, and wrote exchange 
on Athens* and other cities. Every one at some 
time or other has dealings with a bank.® Perhaps 
he goes to inquire about his account. “Is there 
not,” he says to the clerk, “a slight balance due me 
on your books®?” “Oh yes,” replies the clerk, “I 
think there is a small amount. I will go and see 
how much it is.” On another day you may go to 
repay what you have borrowed, bringing with you 
asmall bag of coin. “A few weeks ago,” you re- 
mark, “I borrowed some money at six’ per cent 
simple interest. I come to bring what I owe. 
Here it is. Count it, and I think you will find 
the amount to be correct.” It is sometimes 
exceedingly convenient to have a balance at the 
banker’s. 


lyel. * gerere. *to receive on deposit: referre in accep- 
tum. ‘* to write exchange on Athens: permutare Athenis. ®° i.e. 
with a banker. ®*tabulae. * semissibus ; centesima is one per 
cent a month, hence the use of semis for one half this rate. 
8 centesima perpetua. ° convenire. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 17 


CHAPTER VII 


ADVERBS — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


17. The confirmatory ne, surely, certainly (which 
should not be confused with ne, lest), stands before a 
pronoun. ‘Thus, ne ille non magno desiderio tenebitur 
virium: surely, he will not feel any great lack of 
strength. 

18. Observe that iam when used with negatives 
means no more, no longer. Auditis de eo quem odisse 
iam non potestis: you are hearing of him whom you 
can no longer hate. 

19. The correlatives ut . . . ita compare two ac- 
tions usually by likening one tothe other. Ut semen- 
tem feceris, ita metes : as a man sows, so shall he reap. 
Sometimes the two actions stand in an adversative 
relation, ut having the force of though. Thus, ut 
invitus, non ita adversans : though unwilling, yet not 
opposing. 

20. Ut quisque . . . ita with superlatives is often 
employed by Cicero to denote a proportional relation. 
Here ut . . . ita (literally, in proportion as... 80) 
represents the more ... the more. ‘Thus, ut quaeque 
(2.¢. civitas ) optime morata est, ita diligentissime obser- 
vantur: the more highly civilized a state is, the more 
scrupulously are these observances regarded. 


Cf. A. 822, b, 323, g; G. 482, 4; 642, R. 2; H. 584, 6, 686, ii, 5; 
H. & B. 302, 5, 8; L. 1937-1939. 


18 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


Exercise 13 


In Rome, as in many cities at the present time, 
there was great danger from fire. One of the 
Roman poets points out that the poor suffered the 
greatest hardships; in fact, the poorer a man was, 
the greater was his loss. When! the house of a rich 
man was destroyed,? his friends gave® him assistance, 
the result being that he was better off after the fire 
than before. The richer he was, the more money he 
obtained. It is told how a great man of that time 
acquired his wealth. He would‘ buy at a very small 
price houses which had caught fire, and then extin- 
guish the flames with a company of young men whom 
he had hired for this purpose. When a fire breaks® 
out, the owner’s hopes are no longer in himself or his 
friends, but word is quickly sent to those whose 
business it is to come to the rescue in such cases. 
They carry everything out of the house and throw 
great quantities of water on the flames. When there 
is no longer any danger, they go on their way 
rejoicing. 


Exercise 14 


In conflagrations as in other misfortunes it is often 
people of small means who suffer the most.® - The less 


li.e. whenever. 7? Pluperfect indicative. A. 518; B. 288, 3; 
G. 567; H. 578; H. & B. 540; L. 1618. * Imperfect. *See Ex. 6, 
n. 1, p. 8. ® Perfect indicative. See the references inn, 2, ® Use 
the neuter plural of the adjective. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 19 


a man has, the less he can afford! to lose. Whether? 
rich or poor he no longer bears the heavy burden 
alone. Is any one better off after a disaster than 
before? In a certain city two young men were once 
sitting in a barber shop. An acquaintance burst? in 
on them, crying fire and calling* for water. Just 
opposite was a large building used® as a school, and 
then, as formerly, containing many women and chil- 
dren. ‘The roof had begun to smoke, and some one 
raised the alarm. They came pouring® out, often 
with dishevelled hair and soiled clothing, though not 
altogether in confusion. ‘“ Everybody,” said some 
one to his neighbor, “has got out safely.” “How 
fortunate!” replied the other. 


CHAPTER VIII 


CONJUNCTIONS 


Usages to be noted: 


21. In connecting two clauses and followed by a 
negative is regularly translated by neque (or nec), 
unless the negative is to be taken closely with a par- 
ticular word. And no one is neque quisquam; and 
no, neque ullus; and nothing, neque quidquam; and 
never, neque umgquam, 

22. A negative and an affirmative clause are often 

1 Render afford in this sense by posse. 2 See Ex. 12, n. 1. 


8 to burst in on one: irrumpere in aliquem. ‘4 poscere. ® ad- 
hibere ad with acc. ° effundere gives the idea of numbers. 


20 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


connected by the correlative neque...et. Thus, 
neque modico tepore caret et-nimios solis defendit ardo- 
res: it is not without a moderate warmth, but is pro- 
tected from the too ardent rays of the sun. 


Cf, A. 328, a; B. 341, 2, d, 3; G. 480, Rem. 1; H. 315, 1; 
H. & B. 307, 3; L. 2141-2144. 


Exercise 15 


The father, mother, and children of a certain house- 
hold! were once dining at home with some friends. 
No one expected anything unusual, and they all 
sat at? table with cheerful faces. Suddenly every- 
thing began to tremble, and objects fastened to 
the wall were moved from their places. - But no one 
at first realized the cause.2~—Suddenly it flashed over 
their minds that there had been an earthquake.*— It 
was a slight one indeed, and yet how mighty a force 
itseemed! “Come,” said the father, “let us go and 

—aa, 
see how much damage has been done out of doors.” 
They went out hastily into the street, but saw no 
case of° serious injury. A few people were congre- 
gated in“one of the public squares, and were not in 
fear of falling walls. ‘ Yesterday,” said the father, 
on their return,® “I was reading in’ Tacitus about 
the great earthquake in Asia, which destroyed twelve 
cities.” Is not Sicily’s bitter fate still more terrible ? 


1 household (including servants) is familia. *ad. *i.e. what 
the cause was. * terrae motus. ° Omit. ° cum-clause of cir- 
cumstance. 7 See Ex. 3, n. 4. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 21 


Exercise 16 


When the earth begins! to tremble and nothing 
any longer seems stable, many become breathless 
with anxiety and fear, while others show themselves 
more confident and self-possessed. The danger 
comes suddenly, and no one has ever much time to 
reach? a place of safety. Often a low® rumbling 
noise is heard, and then houses and other works of 
human hands are shaken to their very* foundations. 
The occupants of the former make their way quickly 
to the streets, often with bare feet and scanty cloth- 
ing, and hurry to the open squares, where they are 
free from the peril of falling walls. A few years 
ago in a great city of our own country the people, 
not suspecting any misfortune, were aroused from 
sleep early® in the morning by the violent trembling 
of the earth and the shaking and twisting of their 
houses.® Nor could’ any one ever be uncertain as to 
the cause of this disaster, which was followed by a 
great conflagration. Unfortunately there was not a 
sufficient supply of water, and the city burned night 
and day® for three days. The inhabitants, however, 
did not spend time in tears? or in lamenting their hard 
lot, but when the flames had spent their force, they 
proceeded to build a more beautiful city with far 


1 For the tense see Ex. 13, n. 5, and compare the references 
inn.2. * Not the infinitive. * Omit. +ipse. *° See Ex. 5, n. 4, 
Si.e. by their shaken and twisted houses. 7 posse. % Ablative; 
day and night is the commoner order in Cicero. °% Use a participle. 


22, LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


greater wealth and resources. Italy, too, has suf- 
fered a huge disaster, but shall we not see her 
ancient towns restored to their former position and 
beauty ? 


CHAPTER IX 


CONJUNCTIONS — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


23. At, being a strong adversative particle, intro- 
duces an anticipated objection to the speaker’s view, 
in which case it translates the English but you may 
say and the like. At may also introduce the refu- 
tation of a supposed objection. At multi sunt imbe- 
cilli senes. At id quidem non proprium est senectutis 
vitium est: but you may say there are many old men 
of feeble strength. But this drawback even is not spe- 
cially characteristic of old age. 

24. Atqui is the translation of and yet, but yet, 
when the latter introduces an adversative clause 
admitting a previous statement, but supplementing 
it. Videtis nihil esse morti tam simile quam somnum; 
atqui dormientium animi maxime declarant divini- 
tatem suam: you see nothing so resembles death as 
sleep; and yet the souls of those asleep give special 
evidence of their divine nature. 


Cf. A. 324, d; B. 343 1, d, e; G. 488-489; H. 315, 3, 659, 1; 
H. & B. 510, 1, 3; L. 2151-2152. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 23 


‘Exercise 17 


Is it better for the busy man! to live in the city or 
in the country? This touches both him and his 
family.2 It may be said that it is inconvenient to 
make an® hour’s journey each day. But some who 
live in the city waste equal effort in going: to and . 
returning from their homes.. People often complain 
that* they live® too far from their business. The 
country with its flowers and trees is fair to look 
upon.® But all of it, one may say; has not this pleas- 
ant appearance. And yet much of it has, at all , 
events, enough’of it to enable us to feast our eyes. 
A well-known Roman. citizen was once going in a’ 
carriage with his family along the Appiari Way. 
The carriage was filled with all the supplies of the 
countryside. A slave went on ahead carrying the 
eggs safely in hay. His master was going straight 
to the city, one might have supposed,’ and yet, as we 
know, he was on his way to the country. | 


Exercise 18 


Is it desirable’ for one engaged in active affairs in 
a large city to live with his family in one of the 


1The accusative subject of the following infinitive. ?Use suus 
substantively, referring to what is most prominent in the sentence, 
but not to the grammatical subject. A. 301, 0; B. 244, 4; G. 
309, 2; H. 508, 2; H. & B. 264, 2; L. 2337. *%unus. 4Two 
constructions are permissible ; use a quod-clause. A. 572, b; B. 
331, V; G. 542; H. 614, 4; H. & B. 555, 594; L. 1851, 2187. 
5 Consider the mode. ‘i.e.:in appearance. 7 Potential subjunctive. 
8ponum; why not optandum ? 


94 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


smaller towns which are not far away? I am in- 
clined to think! that it is, both with respect to the 
man himself and his family. It may be said that 
much effort is wasted in going to and fro, which 
otherwise could be devoted to more important ob- 
jects.2, Hardly any suitable place of residence?’ is so 
near that the journey does not require at least half 
an hour. But this same drawback exists for those 
who live in the outlying parts of the city itself. 
Even in Rome we hear of* a distinguished lawyer 
complaining that he lived too far from the Forum, 
and doubtless in many cities one could listen to sim- 
ilar complaints to-day. Moreover, how pleasant the 
little towns are with their broad, clean streets, their 
tall trees, and their comfortable houses. But all of 
them, it may be said, have not this appearance; some 
are actually ugly to look upon. ‘There are, of 
course, cases of this kind, but I think they are few 
in comparison with the others. Cicero spent much 
of his time in places which were more or less dis- 
tant from Rome. He enjoyed® himself especially 
at his villa at Pompeii which stood just outside 
the city walls, and which had the advantage of an 
excellent outlook. And yet if he were living to- 
day, how much less troublesome the journey itself 
would be ! 


17am inclined to think: haud scio an. Consider the mode 
which follows. more important objects: maiora. *i.e. of resid- 
ing. *Omit. © For enjoy oneself use bene esse with the dative 
of the person. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 25 


CHAPTER X 


CONJUNCTIONS — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


25. Ut, meaning how, is frequent in direct ques- 
tions in Plautus and Terence, but is confined in 
Cicero to exclamations. Ut fortunati sunt fabri fer- 
rarii!. how lucky are the blacksmiths! Ut in this sense 
may also be freely used in indirect questions. 

26. Note the use of quin with the indicative in 
the sense of why not (cur non), introducing a ques- 
tion which is virtually equivalent to an imperative, 
or a hortatory subjunctive. Quintaces? why don’t 
you hold your tongue? Quin may also strengthen an 
imperative. Quin tu hoc audi: come, listen to what I 
am saying. 

Cf. A. 449, 2, b; B. 281, 8; H. 594,1; H. & B. 537, 8, 545, a; L. 
1526-1528. 


Exercise 19 


The young dislike to be ill. It makes them! 
uncomfortable and discontented with themselves. 
“ How wretched it is,” they say, “to lie in bed the 
whole day! Why doesn’t the doctor allow us to be 
out of doors in the sunshine?” We know how un- 
availing these complaints are. The doctor comes in 
haste ; there is no delay at all on his part. ‘ Give 
the patient,” he says, “ plenty of water to drink.? 


1 See Ex. 4, n. 2. 2 Express by final clause. 


26 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


Do everything for him according to directions.’”?! 
Cicero thought the young fall ill? more easily than 
their elders. ‘They are also,” he added, “ harder 
to cure.”8 One of the young men whom Cicero 
especially loved was his freedman Tiro. The latter 
once fell sick in a distant city. How anxious and 
unhappy Cicero was! ‘“ Why, my dear friend,” he 
wrote, “do you not take better care of your health?” 


Exercise 20 


It can easily be seen how impatient* the young 
often are of illness. Thus if a sturdy youth who 
has been accustomed to spend much of his time out 
of doors’ is overtaken by unexpected illness, he shows 
how uncomfortable and dissatisfied with himself he 
is. ‘“ What!” he says, “have you actually sent for 
the doctor? What in the world,6 may I ask, made 
you do that? I am not so badly off, and there is no 
reason’ for my lying in bed the whole day. Why 
don’t you let me get up? I never felt better in my 
life. How lucky for the others, not to be shut up® in 
the house in this fine weather!” These complaints 
do not prevent® the doctor from coming in haste, a 
man somewhat advanced in years, whose dignity is 
tempered with affability and kindness. “Come,” he 

1 Lit. which I have directed. *i.e. into sickness. * Lit. are 
cured with greater difficulty. *to be impatient: aegre ferre. 
5 out of doors: foris. © what in the world: quidnam. 7 there 
is no reason why: non est cur. *® Accusative and infinitive. 


* Verbs of hindering, when negatived, may be followed by quin. 
See the references in Ex. 10, n. 6. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 27 


says, “ tell me how it all happpened.” Having heard 
this, he prepares several remedies, all of which are 
bitter to the taste. “Give him these,” he says to 
the mother, “according to the directions. And in 
the meantime why do you not seek some rest for 
yourself? The symptoms are the usual ones! and 
there is no cause for alarm?; only, he seems to have 
a very bad cold, and we have to be on our guard 
against pneumonia. How fortunate you sent for me 
in time !” 


CHAPTER XI 


PARTICIPLES 


Usages to be noted: 


27. The present participle may have the force of 
a substantive, though this usage is avoided in the 
nominative and vocative. Nihil difficile amanti putol} 
I think nothing difficult for a lover. This is often the 
correct rendering of English substantives denoting 
the agent or doer. 

28. Attempted action may be expressed by the 
present participle. C. Plaminio restitit agrum Picentem 
dividenti: he opposed Gaius Flaminius, who was at- 
tempting to allot the Picenian territory. 

29. ‘The present participle may express the circum- 
stances or the situation under which an action takes 
place. It may thus render a phrase or a dependent 


1 The usual ones: quae solent. 2 See n. 7. 


28 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


clause. Occisus est a cena rediens: he was killed as he 
was returning home from a dinner. 


Cf. A. 494, a, 496; B. 337, 2; G. 437, 585 Rem.; H. 686, 1,2; 
638; H. & B. 249, 250, 484, 604, 2; L. 2290, 2295. 


Exercise 21 


How great is the influence of the father on! the 
son coming to maturity! This is known to every 
reader? of the lives of great men. Once a father 
noticed his son as the latter was returning from 
school. ‘ How tall he is,” he said with a smile,® “and 
how clever in his studies! I must take him to the 
best teachersin the great city.” So they set out, 
though disliking* to leave their modest home and 
their friends. Whether going to his teachers or 
returning home his father was always at his side. 
Neither did he spare expense fin) the son’s clothing. 
People seeing the youth on his way to school thought 
him a rich man’s son. He was also admirable in 
character, being free from the great vices of the 
time. On coming to manhood he became a poet. 
Seeking in the beginning to please only a few, he 
soon became known to all the world. 


Exercise 22 


It is surprising to the readers of the present time 
to find how much power was in the hands® of the 
lapud. “i.e. all readers. * Express by participle. * nolentes. 


5in the hands of: penes; with relatives this preposition some- 
times follows its object. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 29 


Roman father. To a slave neglecting his work he 
would say, “Go, grind in the mill, and I shall not 
soon let you out,” or he would! order him to be flogged 
or put into chains. He also had the power, if he so 
desired, of selling his sons into slavery. In fact,? he 
could punish with death any one of his household 
(even his wife) attempting to resist his authority. 
Once a son setting’ out to war against the will of his 
father was brought back and put to death. How 
cruel it seems even to the student and lover of ancient 
life! ‘To-day the father regards his sons in a very 
different way, and even when they do wrong he does 
not treat them with severity and anger. For him, 
to use the words ‘of Terence, a little punishment is 
sufficient for a great offence.. What greater misfor- 
tune is there for a young man just coming to man- 
hood than to be deprived of the counsel, knowledge, 
and wisdom of his father? 


CHAPTER XII . 
PARTICIPLES — Continued 
Usages to be noted: 


30. With video, audio, facio, fingo, induco (the 
so-called verbs of perception and representation), 
the present participle often takes the place of an 


1 See Ex. 6,n. 1. 2%n fact: vero. #% Note the relation of the 
participle in point of time to the main action. 


30 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


infinitive in indirect discourse. Owing to the ab- 
sence of a present passive participle, the infinitive 
alone is possible in the passive. The construction 
is an imitation of the Greek. Homerus Laertem 
colentem agrum facit: Homer represents Laertes as 
tilling the field. 

31. Have with a past participle may be rendered 
by habeo with a perfect participle, where emphasis is 
placed on the maintenance or continuance of the 
result or effect. Nos nostramque adulescentiam ha- 
bent despicatam. They have scorned us and our youth. 


Cf. A. 497, b, d; B. 387, 3, 6; G. 288, 586; H. 481, 8, 618, 4; 
H. & B. 605, 5: L. 2297-2299. 


Exercise 23 


I see some one bringing me a letter. I can 
imagine it being written by my friend in great haste. 
“ How are you getting on these days?” he writes. 
“ You remember hearing! me say that some misfor- 
tune was hanging over me. I thought of it as? com- 
ing on me suddenly. This circumstance has kept 
me uneasy and anxious. You will be glad’ to know 
that nothing has happened. What prevented this 
evil from coming* upon me? How sorry® I am not 
to have seen you!” We know that Cicero wrote 
many letters. We can imagine him as writing at 
least one every day. How frankly he writes in his 


1 Not the participle in Latin. 2Omit. *See Ex.1,n.1,p.2. *See 
Ex. 10, n. 6. °° Use dolere; for the construction cf. Ex. 17, n. 4, 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 31 


letters! One can imagine them being read by the 
receivers! with the greatest delight. 


Exercise 24 


Yesterday? I heard a friend read a letter which he 
had received from an acquaintance of us® both.+ 
“My dear friend,” the writer said, “I arrived here 
a few days ago, and am already sufficiently busy. 
This evening that acquaintance of yours of last year 
saw me sitting in the library, and came to inquire® 
how you are getting on. The weather so far has 
kept us pretty much confined indoors, and prevented 
us from exercising on the track, but nevertheless 
our athletes look forward to a successful year. It 
will be a question of® muscles and good, strong 
lungs. You will be glad to hear of our working in 
Latin’ with a very energetic professor, who is at 
home® both in the language and the literature. He 
does not look down on us on account of our lack of 
knowledge, and encourages us to greater efforts. 
He has already heard us recite several times, and no 
one has yet answered “not prepared.” <A few days 
before I left home I attended my sister’s wedding, 


1 Express by participle. ? heri or hesterno die ; the former is 
the more colloquial. * For the case see A. 346, d; G. 871, r.1; H. 
442, 4; H. & B. 346,b; L. 1243. 4 Dative. ® Not the infinitive. 
Sit is a question of: agitur de. ‘ Latina (the neuter plural of 
the adjective) ; cf. Graeca=Greek. 8 at home in: peritus with 
genitive. <A. 349, a; B. 204,1; G. 374,n.4; H.451,1; H. &B. 
354; L. 1263. 


32 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


which was to have taken place last year, but which 
had to be postponed for several months on account 
of her illness. I will not say how sorry! we were to 
lose her, and how much we hope for her happiness. 


CHAPTER XIII 


PARTICIPLES — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


32. Observe that the present participle also occurs 
regularly in deponent verbs. Solonem versibus glo- 
riantem videmus, qui se cotidie aliquid addiscentem 
dicit senem fieri: we see Solon boasting in his verses 
and saying that he grew old learning something new 
every day. 

33. The perfect participles of deponents, though 
usually active, have sometimes a passive meaning. 
Note especially adeptus, dimensus, meditatus. Thus, 
senectutem ut adipiscantur omnes optant, eandem accu- 
sant adeptam: every one prays to attain to old age, but 
once attained he finds fault with it. 


Cf. A. 190, a, 6; B. 112, a, 6; G. 167, n. 2; H. 222, 618, 3; 
H. & B. 291 a, d; L. 798, 1492. 


Exercise 25 


He came away expressing surprise at the beauty? 
of the park. How carefully everything had been 


1 nolle is sufficient. 2See Ex. 22, n. 3. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 33. 


surveyed and laid out and planted! Having obtained 
a beautiful piece of land,! the people had adorned it 
with trees and flowers. They did not waste their 
efforts, but made use of the greatest skill. Having 
learned this lesson, they found everything easy. 
We see the Romans boasting of their parks. Once 
obtained, they were never neglected. .In this re- 
spect the Romans have had many imitators? in our 
own time. Almost every town of any size has its 
park. Here the children love® to play, and here, too, 
they grow strong in mind and body. 


Exercise 26 


“When I first came,’’* once wrote a certain youth 
to his father, “I wondered a little how things were 
coming out. Good heavens, I thought to® myself, 
shall I ever feel at home in these great buildings 
and among so many strange faces? A short time 
after, I chanced to see® some one’ I knew coming out 
of a doorway, and to him I related my uncertainties 
and perplexities. ‘Nonsense,’ he replied, ‘every- 
thing will be easy if you are willing to make use of 
my assistance. ‘Trust yourself to me, and I will see 
that you do not waste your efforts. The opportunity 
once® obtained of spending four years in such a place 


1 piece of land: ager. * Render by participle. * Express the 
idea of love by libentissime. ‘i.e. arrived: advenire ; consider 
the mode. © Lit. with. ® Lit. I saw by chance. 7 Note the omis- 
sion of the relative in the following clause: is this allowed in the 
Latin? ®i.e. once for all. 


34 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


as this, should be made the most of! from the very 
beginning.’ Then setting out together, we observed 
how the grounds all? about us, carefully surveyed and 
laid out, had been planted with trees and flowers, 
while in the midst were the fine buildings given over 
to learning of every kind. Later, thanks to® my 
newly found acquaintance, I met several others of 
about my own age, who received me with much kind- 
ness. ‘You will be very glad, they said, ‘that you 
came. Nowhere can one enjoy himself more. Only 
remember that it is not a place for idleness. The 
idle are sure to go to the wall. And above all,’ they 
added, ‘don’t deceive your teachers.’”’ 


CHAPTER XIV 


THE SUPINES 


Usages to be noted: 


34. The supine in u (which occurs mainly with 
fas, nefas, and certain adjectives like facilis, mirabilis, 
utilis, optimus, etc.) may take a dependent clause in 
indirect discourse. Videtis nefas esse dictu miseram 
fuisse talem senectutem: you see that it is wrong to say 
that such an old age was unhappy. 

35. The supine in um (expressing purpose after 
verbs of motion) may also take an object, or be fol- 


1 to make the most of is to take advantage of (uti) most dili- 
gently. *totus. *i.e. through the service of. * See Ex. 17, n. 4. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 35 


lowed by a dependent clause of whatever character 
the verb itself permits. Legatos miserunt oratum ne 
se in hostium numero duceret: they sent representa- 
tives to beg him not to consider them in the light of 
enemies. 


Cf. A. 509-510; B. 340; G. 435-436; H. 633, 635, 4; H. & B. 618, 
619 x. 1; L. 2270, 2272, 2274-2275. 


Exercise 2'7 


Is it not right to say that much respect! is shown 
to the man skilled in the law?? A trader whose 
ship had gone to pieces on the rocks, came to ask for 
counsel. “I do not know,” he said, “ what it is best 
to do. How shall I extricate myself from my cred- © 
itors? I come to you to see what can be done. I 
am lost unless you assist me.” ‘Together they went 
to the court. “Gentlemen of the jury,®” said the 
advocate, “I can assure you my client* has an excel- 
lent case. It is easy to see how unfortunate he has 
been. He comes now to ask that you lighten his 
burdens, as it. were. How difficult it often is to pay 
all one owes!” In® Juvenal the pleaders of the time 
are lightly® esteemed. One could hear them boast- 
ing and talking big.’ Though poor as a rule, they 
appeared in court in purple robes. Once when® the 
judges had taken their seats, a certain pleader came 


1Qmit. ? For the case see Ex. 24, n. 8. *%iudices. ‘hic is 
sufficient. ®apud. ® The genitive of indefinite value. 7 Use the 
neuter accusative plural of the adjective. * postquam. 


36 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


to speak on behalf of the prisoner at the bar. What 
was the reward of his eloquence? Only some vege- 
tables, a jar of anchovies, and five flagons of wine. 


Exercise 28 


Would it be! wrong to say that the position of the 
advocate is the most honorable of all? At all events 
he has the opportunity of assisting a great many? 
people. Those whose affairs are in any way in- 
volved come to ask how best they can extricate 
themselves from their difficulties. Even the un- 
happy prisoner at the bar, fearful* of fetters and 
punishment worse than death, has no other hope of 
safety. “Alas,” he says, “I fear I am utterly lost. 
I am uncertain what is the best course to pursue’; 
at all events I need the services of a skilful pleader.” 
“May it® please you, gentlemen of the jury,” says 
the latter, “it is easy to be seen that my client 
has not been guilty of any wrong doing.” Thus 
(wonderful to relate) the accused, though guilty, 
is often declared to be innocent. The rewards 
of the advocate (in money, though not in honor) 
are greater than in ancient times. Though Cicero 
was the leader of the Roman bar,’ and though many 
came to consult him, he was not permitted by law 
to receive any compensation in gifts or money. 


1 See for the mode A. 446-447 ; B. 280, 2; G. 257; H. 5538; H. & 
B. 518-519; L. 1654. ? plurimi. * Omit. ‘4 Lit. fearing. © Lit. 
what it is best to do. ®hoc. 7 Lit. held the leadership of the 
bar (regnum iudiciale). 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 37 


May we not say that the more skilled a man is in 
the law, the less he cares for such compensation? Is 
not his greatest reward the consciousness of many 
things well done ? 


CHAPTER XV 


THE GENITIVE 


Usages to be noted: 


36. When value and price are not thought of in 
definite terms they may be denoted by the genitive. 
This may be a purely descriptive genitive with pre- 
tium. Thus parvi enim preti est: for he is of little 
value. Meam esse operam deputat parvi preti: he 
counts my services as of small worth. Videtur esse 
quantivis preti: he seems to be a man of ever so much 
consequence. Otherwise the genitive of indefinite 
value or price is usually that of certain neuter adjec- 
tives such as magni, parvi (together with their com- 
paratives and superlatives), tanti, quanti. Thus sed 
parvi pendo: but JI care little. Quanti emit: how 
much did he pay? Ut ea pluris sit quam omnes adu- 
lescentiae voluptates : so that it 7s worth more than all 
the pleasures of youth. In expressions of depreciation 
we have such genitives as flocci, a straw, assis, a 
penny, huius (with a gesture), etc. Nec tamen flocci 
facio: but still I don’t care a straw. Huius non 
faciam: I shall not care asnap. ‘The verbs most used 


38 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


with this genitive are aestimo, duco, emo, facio, 
habeo, pendo, puto, sum, vendo. 

Note in this connection bene (or male) emere, to 
buy cheaply (or dearly), bene (or male) vendere, to 
sell cheaply (or dearly). 


Cf. A. 417, a, c; B. 208, 3,4; G. 379, 380, 1,2; H. 448; H. &B. 
355-856 ; L. 1271-1275. 


Exercise 29 


The people of Athens were much interested in the 
courts. To be a juror they regarded as of much im- 
portance! though they were paid only three obols a? 
day. It made no difference whether the defendant 
himself was of more or less worth. Is the cause 
just? This the juror made the greatest consideration. 
The Athenians had a law which related to orphaned 
maidens. It required the next of kin® either to 
marry them or give a dowry. A certain young man, 
who was desperately in love with a dowerless maiden, 
could not obtain the consent of his father. Accord- 
ingly, in the latter’s absence* he made the court be- 
lieve® that he was the girl’s next of kin, and so he 
married her. On finding this out, the father was 
very angry. “How highly,” he said, “ you respect 
my authority!” Don’t be angry with me, my dear 
father,” replied the son, “your good will is worth 
more to me than all the maidens in the world except 

1 importance, consideration, moment, and the like are rendered 


by neuter adjectives. ? unus. * Ablative. * Ablative absolute. 
5 See Ex. 4, n. 2. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 39 


this one alone.” Is it of great moment to have a 
dowry of thirty minae? It is often by buying 
cheaply and selling more dearly that the father can 
give a large dowry. 


Exercise 30 


Is it not considered of great importance that every 
one who has a case in court! should receive? prompt 
justice?? Does it make any difference whether he is 
aman of small or great worth, or how highly he is 
esteemed by his neighbors? Is not the main point 
whether his cause be just? How fortunate it is that 
a man of small means, “ poor,” as Ennius says, “in 
this world’s goods, but rich in loyalty to his country,” 
can come into court,* salute the judge on the bench,° 
and plead his cause with confidence, no matter how 
high® may be the standing of his adversary. What 
sadness it brings, on the other hand, to see justice 
overthrown by the powerful. A Roman of aggres- 
sive but disreputable character, Clodius by name, 
was once brought to trial for’ sacrilege, having been 
caught in the garb of a woman at the festival of a 
certain goddess. He thought the best course to 
pursue® was to say that he was not in Rome at the 
time. Cicero was called to the stand as a witness.® 
“Gentlemen,” he said, “I warn you, this is a mere 
trick to deceive you, for on that very day I saw the 


1 to have a case in court is litigare. ?ferre. *ius. * apud 
iudices. ° praetor orindex quaestionis. ® quantusvis. ‘de. 
8 See Ex. 28n. 5. * Lit. was produced as a witness ; use producere. 


40 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


accused on the streets of this city.” “I don’t care a 
fig for! what you saw,?” replied Clodius, “I was not 
here.” In the end Clodius was compelled to buy? the 
jury. It is not known how highly they valued 
themselves or how cheaply he bought them. Doubt- 
less they thought they had sold themselves dearly. 
Afterwards they asked for a guard to protect® them. 
“Why,” asked one, “do you want a guard? Are 
you afraid of losing the coin®?” 

1Qmit. 2 Subjunctive in indirect question. * Use the infinitive ; 


what other constructions are possible with cogere? ‘i.e. the jurors. 
5 Render by final relative clause. ® nummi. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 41 


CHAPTER XVI 


THE GENITIVE — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


37. The genitive with interest and refert is to be 
employed only when the person (rarely the thing) 
concerned is of the third person (and not used re- 
flexively). Otherwise the construction required is 
the ablative of the feminine possessive, such as mea, 
tua, nostra, etc. or the degree of concern use the 
genitive of indefinite value oran adverb. ‘The object 
with which one is concerned is expressed by a neuter 
pronoun, an infinitive, or a clause. Quid eius intere- 
rat: of what interest was it to him? Interest omnium 
recte facere: it behooves every one to do right. 

38. Note also the genitive with the impersonals 
miseret, paenitet, piget, pudet, taedet. The subject of 
the feeling is regularly in the accusative, but the per- 
son (or thing) that is the object of the feeling takes 
the genitive. Thus, nostri nos paenitet: we are dis- 
contented with ourselves. Senectutis eum suae paenite- 
ret? would he be regretting his old age? Pudet also, 
though rarely, takes a personal construction with 
neuter pronouns, but this usage is archaic and not to 
be imitated in writing prose. 


Cf. A. 354-355; B. 209-211; G. 377, 381-382; H. 449, 457; H. & 
B, 345, 352; L. 1276-1279, 1283-1286, 


42 LATIN trose COMPOSITION 


Exercise 31 


A poet who dwelt in a great city once received a 
visit! from a friend. “I am tired,” said the latter, 
“of my present manner of life. It is all utterly dis- 
tasteful to me, and I have made up my mind to? move 
to the city. This, I am sure, will be greatly to the 
interest both of myself and of my wife and children.” 
“ But,?” said the poet, “what had you thought of 
doing here?” “Oh,” replied the other, “I have 
several talents, which will be of great use. For ex- 
ample, I can plead cases in the courts. In fact, I 
have always pitied the poor prisoners at the bar. It 
makes no difference how weak or how powerful they 
are, I will defend them with eloquent words. I can 
also write verse,* though it embarrasses me to speak 
of the poems I have already composed. Still, my 
friends tell me that they are not unworthy of Virgil.” 
“[ am sorry to say,” replied the poet, “ that neither 
as pleader nor poet can one earn? a comfortable liv- 
ing in this city.” “ What then shall I do,” asked 
the other, “for I am determined to turn my back on 
the country.” ‘ Well,” said the poet, “if you are 
good, you may be able to live by chance.” 


Exercise 32 
“ How does it happen,” asks the poet, “that® we 
are so dissatisfied with ourselves?” We regret our 


1 Express by the passive of convenire. *ut-clause, * Infinitive. 
ti.e. verses ; use the diminutive versiculus. © merere. ° For the 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 43 


time of life, our occupation, our position in the world.? 
The merchant would like? to be? a lawyer or a teacher, 
and vice versa. There are many who look forward 
to the life of the farmer to* lighten their burden of 
discontent. “How distasteful,” they exclaim, “is 
the daily toil wherein we grind, as it were, in a mill 
like® slaves in the ancient time. Let us then turn 
our backs on the city, to dwell in modest farm houses, 
tilling the soil with our own hands, possessing an 
abundance of olive oil and milk, surrounded by sheep 
and goats and swine and the cheerful fowls.” Alas, 
such seekers® after happiness are often doomed to 
disappointment,’ and yet the desire to live® in the 
“blessed country,” as the poet calls it, does not dimin- 
ish, but increases year by year, abiding in the hearts 
of many. The young man, on the contrary, often 
thinks it to his interest to turn his steps to the city. 
“It may make little difference,” he says, “to these 
neighbors of mine, especially those advanced in years, 
to pass their lives in their accustomed places. As 
for me,® with my youth and strength, I feel the 
power of doing great things, but here the opportunity 
is lacking.” And so he betakes himself to the city and 
plunges headlong” into a new life. But when age 


dependent clause see A. 569, 2; B. 297, 2; G. 558, 3; H. 671,1; H. 
& B, 521,3; L. 1965-1966. 

1QOmit. ? See Ex.1,n.1,p.2. %Cf. the references in Ex. 28, n. 
1 for the mode. * Render by final relative clause. ‘5 i.e. just as. 
6 Express by relative clause. 7 i.e. will surely be often disappointed. 
8 Not the infinitive. ® quod ad me attinet. " praeceps ferri- 


44 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


comes, like a certain ancient poet, he turns again to 
the village that gave him birth.! 


CHAPTER XVII 


THE GENITIVE — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


39. A noun which limits a more general term by 
specifying some particular under it, or by denoting 
that of which it consists, may be put in a genitive of 
definition. Thus we may say, culpa pigritiae, the fault 
of laziness ; virtus constantiae, the virtue of self-control ; 
nomen amicitiae, the name friendship; praeda pe- 
cudum hominumgque, booty comprising cattle and human 
beings. An extension of this construction is the 
genitive of the gerund to denote the purpose for 
which a thing exists, as in commorandi devorsorium, 
a stopping place to tarry in for a while. 

In writing Latin prose, this genitive is to be avoided 
with urbs and oppidum. The prose usage is not 
urbs Romae, oppidum Corinthi, but urbs Roma, oppidum 
Corinthus, etc. 

40. With similis, the genitive is the rule in early 
Latin, and with persons is the commoner construction 
throughout the Ciceronian period. Quam uterque 
est similis sui: how like himself each one is. 


Cf. A. 843, d; 85,2; B. 202, 204, 3; G. 359, r. 1, n. 4, 361; H. 393, 
451.1; H. & B. 339, c, 341; L. 1204, 1255-1258. 


1 Lit. in which he was born. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 45 


Exercise 33 


The traveller has need of the qualities of patience 
and good humor.! When he meets the inconven- 
ience of delay, loss of travelling money, and so forth, 
he should? not foolishly allow himself to be made 
anxious. Rather he should be like a good soldier, 
if everything does not turn out according to his lik- 
ing. In this way he plays the stronger part, show- 
ing the virtues of self-control and resourcefulness in 
difficulties. A traveller was once making a journey 
from the city of Rome to the south’ of Italy. Along 
the road there were inns for stopping over night. 
But there was one night which had to be passed in a 
boat in going through a certain marsh. In the night 
the lazy boat-man fell asleep,* and the mule which 
drew the boat stopped to graze. At daylight the 
traveller, disappointed® that the boat had gone ahead 
so little during the night, jumped out and belabored 
both man and mule with a club. Was this like the 
action of a sensible traveller, or is our sympathy® 
rather with the poor donkey ? 


Exercise 34 


Perhaps there is no one who has more need of the 
qualities of courage, endurance, and presence of 
mind than the captain of a ship. If strong winds 


1 Render by humanitas. ? Expresses the idea of expediency. 
’meridiana. ‘i.e. began to sleep. i.e. angered. ® Lit. do we 
pity, ete. 


46 _ LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


blow, the passengers, consisting! of men, women, and 
children, are often dumb? with fear, the ship itself 
is tossed hither and thither and almost buried by 
the waves mountain-high. But the dauntless cap- 
tain is never in doubt? what to do. ‘“ How well 
our captain played his part,” say the travellers, glad 
to have reached land in safety, ‘and how free he was 
from the two equally fatal faults of rashness and 
indecision.” The Romans, being® in the beginning 
a race of farmers and soldiers, did not readily trust 
themselves to the sea. “There are two things,” 
says Cato, “which the wise man never does, one of 
which is to make a journey by sea when he could go 
by land.” Even Cicero, setting® out from the city 
of Rome, went overland to Athens, being in this 
respect very unlike travellers of to-day. ‘There is 
one ship, as it were, of which the mention of Cicero 
reminds us: I mean the ship of state. ‘Sail on,’ 
thou ship of state,” says our American poet. But 
he was not the first who® thought the commonwealth 
was like a ship. ‘O ship of state,” sang the Roman 
Horace, “ how farest thou? Seest thou not how thy 
side is stript of oars, and thy mast broken by the 
Afric wind? Steer? bravely for the port,” and so 
on in most impressive style. What shall we say 
of our ship of state? Is it sailing in quiet waters ? 


1Omit. 2? breathless in Latin. *incertus. ‘4 Indirect ques- 
tion. ® Render by a causal relative clause with the subjunctive. 
6 See Ex. 22, n.3. 7 perge navigare. *® Dispense with the rela- © 
tive clause. * occupare. 1 gravissime. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 47 


CHAPTER XVIII 


THE DATIVE 


Usages to be noted: 


41. It is important to learn the use of the dative 
of reference, and to this end the explanations and 
examples given in the grammars should be carefully 
consulted. In general, the person (rarely the thing), 
in whose case something is said to be or not to be 
true, should be put in this dative. Qui iter Poenis 
vel corporibus suis obstruere voluerunt: who resolved 
to block the way of (literally, in case of) the Cartha- 
ginians even with their own bodies. This construction 
may also be used in prose with interdicere, intercludere, 
and depellere. Thus, patribus bonis interdici solet: 
Fathers are often removed from their goods. 

42. An example of the ethical dative to be noted 
is sibi in the phrase quid sibi vult? What does he mean? 
Avaritia vero senilis quid sibi velit, non intellego: but 
what avarice means in an old man I cannot understand. 


Cf. A. 376, 380; B. 188; G. 351-352; H. 425, 4, 432; H, & B. 366, 
372 ; L. 1205-1211. 


Exercise 35 


“To one! returning from abroad,” says a father in 
the Phormio of Terence, “no misfortune to his family 
should seem unexpected. Perhaps in his absence he 


1 Implied in the Latin in the following participle. 


48 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


has been removed from his property as being incom- 
petent. He may look forward to the illness of his 
daughter, the wrongdoing of his son, and the death 
of his wife. Ifa slave should meet him as he disem- 
barked,! saying, ‘ Master, our house has been consumed. 
by fire, nothing could ward off from us the power of the 
flames,’ he would not be surprised. If none of these 
things occur in his case,? let him count it as so much 
gain.” Bad news may now reach even those who 
are still abroad. ‘“ What means this sudden illness 
at home,” we ask “and how can our return be most 
quickly accomplished?” ‘To young and old those 
who bring ill news are unwelcome. “I will carry 
word to my master,” says the slave in the play, “ that 
he may give me a bad flogging in return for my bad 
news.” How pleasant on the mountains are the feet 
of him that bringeth good tidings! 


Exercise 36 


For almost every one there are occasions when it is 
of much importance’ to him to send a letter and receive 
the answer ina short time. It is often the case* that 
everything depends® on the answer and that we are 
impatient of delay. ‘No letter for me yet,” one® 
says each day, “I cannot understand what it means.” 
We think it worth while to inquire of the clerk at 
the window, “Is there anything for me to-day?” 

1 Render the clause by a participle. 2 Lit. for him. % i.e. greatly 


to his interest. * saepe fit. © Use poni, or esse. ® Render by 
indefinite second person. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 49 


“What is the name, please ?” he replies, and having 
found this out, he says, “ Nothing! to-day.” We go 
away in disappointment,? but the postman finally 
brings us the longed-for missive. “Here is your 
letter,” he says with a smile. It is possible for us 
now to hear quickly by letter from all parts of the 
world. We could not block the way of the postman 
on his daily round,’ if we so desired. But all of this 
which means so much to people to-day has come 
- about within the last few years. It is very different 
from the time when a messenger carried Cicero’s 
letters from the city of Rome to Athens. Is it good 
for one* to receive a great many letters from absent 
friends? “The more letters from others a man 
receives,” said a certain witty philosopher, “ the less 
often he hears from himself.” Let each one ask him- 
self what this saying® means. 


CHAPTER XIX 


THE DATIVE — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


43. In using verbs of taking away compounded of 
ab, de, ex, ad, observe that the person from whom 
something is taken is put in the dative. This con- 
struction is a variety of the dative of reference and 


1 nihil litterarum. i.e. disappointed. iter is sufficient. 
#See Ex. 17, n. 1. 5 Omit. 


~ 


50 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


may be employed freely in prose. Somnum mihi 
ademit: it took away sleep from me. Tripies mihi hunc 
errorem: you will free me from this mistake. 

44. Note the dative in such sentences vitio mihi 
dant: they hold it against me as a fault, and paupertas 
probro haberi coepit: lack of money began to be con- 
sidered a disgrace. This is a part of the so-called 
final dative and is used with such verbs of consid- 
ering or accounting, as do, duco, habeo, tribuo, and 
verto. 


Cf. A. 381-382; B, 188, d, 191; G. 345, 356; H. 427, 433; H. & B. 
361, 871; L. 1209, 1222. 


Exercise 37 


What fault do you find with the daily newspaper! ? 
Some seem to regard it as a help to our civilization, 
others as a hindrance. If the latter be the case, 
should? we not free ourselves from its influence? 
But how, then, should we learn about the price of 
grain, or whether a foreign war is hanging over us? 
Should we lightly deprive ourselves of these advan- 
tages? The newspaper, which we have at least to 
consider as a permanent? institution, owes its origin 
to Julius Caesar. We do not know just how it 
came about. Perhaps he was passing by the senate 
house, and saw a resolution of this body posted on a 
bulletin board. “Have the Roman people,” he 


lacta diurna. ? Is the idea that of expediency or moral obli- 
gation? Distinguish between oportet and debere. * Omit. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 51 


asked, “no other opportunity of learning about the 
public business? Let us free them at once from this 
inconvenience.” And so he ordered the acts of the 
senate to be published daily. Some one may ask:! 
“Were these daily gazettes sold on the streets after 
our fashion?” Perhaps; but the ancients them- 
selves have said nothing on this point. 


Exercise 38 


The daily newspaper, which almost every one 
to-day regards as a necessity, has many features? 
which people find fault with, but they do not cease 
to read it on that account. “It tells us,” says one, 
“a great deal? about foreign affairs. I wonder 
every day how the ‘ foreign powers,”* as we call them, 
are getting on to-day. Are they still on good terms® 
with one another, or has one taken something from 
his neighbor over night? Is that famous war cloud® 
still hanging over them and depriving them of their 
tranquillity? States, too, have recently been made 
to totter by domestic strife, and their authority 
restored and upheld with difficulty. On’ all these 
matters | am kept informed by the newspapers, and 
this I regard asa great service.” ‘ What I especially 
find fault with in the newspapers,” said another, “are 
the murders, divorces, betrayals of trust, and other 


1 Potential subjunctive. 2 Expressed in the neuter plural of the 
preceding adjective. *plurima. ‘imperia externa. °* bene 
convenientes. ° ille nubes belli. 7 i.e. concerning. 


52 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


crimes of every kind, which rob the reader of his 
sleep and of much else besides. Otherwise I look 
on them as excellent mirrors, as it were, of our com- 
mon life, which is slowly and painfully striving 
toward better things. What should be esteemed a 
greater distinction than to portray the varied and 
manifold phases of our present-day civilization?” 
“ As for me,”! said a third, “I consider the news- 
paper of great assistance because I learn from it the 
price of corn and cattle and many other things which 
I try to buy cheaply and sell dearly. If it were not 
for this, I should not care a straw for all the news- 
papers in the world.?” 


CHAPTER XX 


THE ACCUSATIVE 


Usages to be noted: 


45. A date in the past calculated from the present 
is expressed by abhinc, ago, with the accusative (or 
the ablative), or by ante, before, with the accusative. 
Thus, ten days ago is abhine decem dies, abhinc decem 
diebus, or ante hos dies. The accusative with ante 
depends on the preposition and is not, strictly speak- 
ing, one of duration. Abhine usually comes first in 
the phrase. Observe that a future date is indicated 


1 Denote the emphasis by expressing the personal pronoun of 
the subject. ? all in the world: omnino omnia. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 53 


by ad with the accusative. Ten days hence is ad decem 
dies. 

46. To express definitely the age of a person, use 
natus with an accusative of duration. Quattuor et 
octoginta natus sum: J am eighty-four years old. But 
the year of the age is the accusative (of the ordinal 
number) with ago. Thus, quartum ago annum et 
octogesimum: J am in my eighty-fourth year. 


Cf. A. 424 f; B.181; G. 336, 3, 4, 408, x. 4c, ¢; H. 417, 488, 3, nw. 
2and 3; H. & B. 387, ii, b; L. 1164. 


Exercise 39 


Several years ago in one of the great cities of 
Europe the birthday of a famous physician and teacher 
was celebrated. He was born in 1821, and at that 
time was eighty years old. Scholars came from all 
civilized countries to congratulate him and wish him! 
well. They thought his fame would be still greater 
a century hence. ‘“ About fifty-five years ago,” he 
said, “ when I was in my twenty-fifth year, I began 
to teach young men, many of them of excellent parts.? 
Since then I have been thronged, as it were, with 
them. My precepts have always been: love and 
honor truth® above all else.” Two years later this 
great man was dead. Cicero loved especially the 
birthday of his daughter Tullia. When he returned‘ 


1 Dative. Cf. A. 367,c;.G. 346 rx. 2; H. 426 4, n.; H. & B. 
357; L. 1185. ? Lit. endowed with good natural ability. * i.e. true 
things. * Indicative or subjunctive ? 


54 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


to Brundisium Aug. 5, 57 B.c., she was on hand to 
meet? him. It happened to be her birthday and that 
of the city itself. “Twenty-two years ago,” he said, 
“my dear Tullia was born, and many years hence I 
shall recall this day with joy.” 


Exercise 40° 


*‘ [ suppose you remember,” remarked the father at 
the breakfast table,? “whose birthday is to be cele- 
brated a few days hence.” ‘ You mean that of Presi- 
dent Lincoln, do you not?” said the son. ‘“ Yes,” 
answered the father, “he was born Feb. 12, 1809, 
just a hundred years ago on his next birthday-” “I 
was thinking a few days ago,” said the mother, 
“about his boyhood, in what adversity it was passed. 
I have forgotten how old he was when he learned to 
read, but we know he worked at® his books before 
the hearth by the light of the fire. He drank in 
knowledge as if desiring to satisfy a long thirst.” 
“ And what strength of body he had also!” said the 
son. “I'll wager* that when he was thirty he was as 
strong as that Roman athlete who carried an ox on 
his shoulders over the course at Olympia. By the 
way,° father, do you think Lincoln was a great orator 
like Cicero?” ‘ Perhaps not like Cicero,” replied the 
father. “ What gained Lincoln a hearing was first 


1 Omit, using the dative of the following pronoun in an emphatic 
position. *Use apud prandentes. *in. ‘i.e, Jam sure: credo. 
5 heus tu. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 55 


of all the intensity! of his convictions. There was 
also a resonance in his voice which enabled? him to 
address great throngs; and yet his speech, though 
carefully planned, was quiet and informal. When 
he was in his fifty-third year he became President. 
His glory will be handéd down to future generations ; 
a century hence it will be undiminished.” 


CHAPTER XXI 


THE ACCUSATIVE — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


47. In the accusative denoting the limit of motion, 
it should be observed, that when urbem, oppidum, or 
municipium precedes the name of the city or town, 
the preposition in or ad is to be used; when the 
appositive follows (usually with a modifier), it is 
also introduced by the preposition. Thus, in (or ad) 
urbem Capuam profectus est: he set out for the city of 
Capua ; but Capuam profectus est in (or ad) urbem 
amplissimam: he set out for Capua, a most flourishing 
city. ‘This use of the preposition with the appositive 
is also the rule when the ideas of where and whence 
are to be expressed. Capuae erat in urbe amplissima: 
he was at Capua, a most flourishing city. Exceptions 
occur, the preposition being omitted. 

48. When the country in which a city or town 


lfervor. 2? fecit ut. 


56 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


denoting the limit of motion is expressed, it is put 
in the accusative with a preposition. Thus, to Capua 
in Italy, or to Corinth in Greece, is Capuam in Italiam, 
or Corinthum in Graeciam. 


Cf. A. 428, b; B. 182, a, b; G. 337, Rem. 2 and 6; H. 418, 1,2; 
H. & B. 450, ¢, 452; L. 1157, 1159. 


Exercise 41 


The young Romans often went to Athens in Greece, 
or Alexandria in Egypt, or Pergamum in Asia (not 
to mention other places) to carry on their studies. 
Cicero’s son, when about twenty years old, was sent 
by his father to Athens, a city having great advan- 
tages for the student of philosophy. But the son 
cared little for learning, showing himself in this 
respect listless and sluggish and almost a mere trifler. 
He was always asking his father for more money. 
“It costs a great deal,” he wrote to his father in 
Rome, “to live! here in Athens, even in this city 
devoted to intellectual pursuits. I have to pay some 
one for copying out the lecture notes,? and only 
yesterday I gave a little present to one of the pro- 
fessors. Occasionally I invite my friends to dinner, 
and one cannot be too sparing in the expense.” 
Cicero, ‘Who was himself in debt, would have taken 
the money from some one at interest,® but his friend 
Atticus said: “Consider my purse* your own; give 


1it¢ costs a great deal to live ; lit. it is lived at very great expense. 
2 exscribere commentarios. * Ablative ‘4opes. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 57 
the young man what he desires. Some day he will 
return to Rome, the city of his birth, steadied! in 
character and endowed with many useful qualities.” 
But this, though much wished for, was not to be. 


Exercise 42 


The young scholar often thinks it to his? interest 
to pursue his studies abroad. “Cato,” he says, 
“learned Greek? when he was eighty,* but I prefer 
to become as proficient as possible before I am so 
advanced in years.” Accordingly he packs up his 
luggage® and addresses it to Berlin, Germany, or 
Paris, France, or Oxford, England. When he arrives, 
let us say, in the city of Berlin and has found a place 
to live® in, he calls on the great man on whose account 
he has made the long journey. He finds the master 
at home and not engaged. “I have come,” he says, 
“to Berlin, the city noted for its illustrious men, 
with the purpose of carrying on my studies under 
your guidance.”? ‘ Perhaps,” replies the master, 
“vou would find greater advantages at Rome, the 
city which has so much for the scholar. I myself 
went to Oxford, by no means a large place, but rich 
in books and other treasures. Just now some of our 
_most promising young men are turning their steps 


1constans. * For the case see Chap. XVI, 37. * Use litterae 
Graecae. ‘*Cf. Chap. XX, 46. ‘®sarcinas colligere. ® Use 
the genitive of the gerund and cf. Chap. XVII, 39. 7 Lit. you being 
my teacher. 


58 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


to your own Cambridge. However, let it be as you 
wish, and, as the Romans used to say, may it turn 
out well for us both.” Later the youth found that 
the great man was also his good friend. How many 
pleasant talks they had together at the dinner table!! 


CHAPTER XXII 


THE ACCUSATIVE — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


49. The accusative denoting that in respect to 
which (and resembling the Greek accusative of speci- 
fication) is freely used in early and later Latin, but 
the Ciceronian usage is confined to vicem, partem, 
and the interrogative quid (see below the reference 
inH.&B.). Quid tibi prodest hoc? Jn what (literally, 
in respect to what) does this profit you? Meam vicem 
non timidus eram: for my part I was not afraid. Per 
triduum maximam partem pane viximus: for three days 
we lived for the most part on bread. 

50. Note that after the analogy of verbs of asking 
the double accusative of the person and the thing is 
also used with volo, the thing being represented by a 
neuter pronoun. Quid est quod me velis ? What is it 
that you desire of me? MNondum etiam dixi quod te 
volui: I have not yet even told you what I wanted. 
This construction with volo, though occurring mostly 


1 Render the phrase by a participle. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 59 


in the comic poets, may be used in prose. Observe, 
however, that when the thing desired is expressed 
by a noun, the person is in the ablative with a prepo- 
sition. Quam rem voluistia me tandem: what, pray, 
was it that you wanted of me ? 


Cf. A. 897 a; B. 178, d; G. 338, 341 (c), 2; H. 412, 416, 2; H. & 
B. 388, a, b, 393; L. 1144-1146, 


Exercise 43 


Every time of life is of great value. Explain 
clearly in what respect this is so. What, for exam- 
ple, is the use! of old men? Let us ask what we 
on our part especially desire of them. We do not 
desire bodily strength of them, but we ask them 
rather for maturity of judgment and wisdom. Bod- 
ily strength for the most part belongs to? men of 
middle age and to young men. ‘The latter in their 
turn, I have no doubt, are also often swift of foot. 
Old men, according to the ancient proverb,’ are for 
counsel, young men for war. But young men, im- 
petuous‘ as they sometimes are, are not always lack- 
ing in counsel, nor old men, for® all their dignity, in 
strength of body. Let us ask again: What is the 
use of the small boy, who creeps unwillingly to 
school? Is he of great value on his own part? Cer- 
tainly, if only in the eyes of his parents. Moreover, 


1 to be of use: prodesse. 2 Use proprium esse. # Ablative. 
*ferox. 5 for denotes concession ; render by a clause with quam- 
vis ; cf. for the mode A. 440 n.; B, 309 1; G. 606; H. 586, ii, 1, 
2; H. & B. 532, 2; L. 1905. 


60 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


in the reign of peace and justice, as the ancient 
writer says, the streets will be full! of boys and 
girls. 


Exercise 44 


In what respect is the life of the young sometimes 
happier than that? of their elders? Is it not for the 
most part in their greater freedom? from responsi- 
bility, living as they do under the protection and in 
the love of their parents? ‘ What,” they often ask, 
“havet we to do to-day? Is there anything which 
you especially wish of us?” ‘“ What I wish of you 
just now,” one replies, “is that you enjoy yourselves 
as much as possible; only, do not go out of doors in 
the rain and cold unless-your heads are well covered.® 
Be not on your part like the ancient king who, hav- 
ing begun a journey on foot or horseback, could not 
be induced by any kind of weather to put on a hat.®” 
But all the young are not so fortunate as these. Of 
some the poverty of parents and the greed of men 
demand bitter tasks. In what respect are they not 
to be pitied? Shall we not on our part protect 
them and so preserve the ancient strength of our 
race? ‘“ Why,” says the poet, “should the children 
weep?” 

1 For the case see A. 349; B. 204; G. 374; H. 451,2; H. & B. 
347; L. 1263. 2 Omit. * Lit. in the fact that they are more ex- 


empt from. * Expresses idea of obligation or duty. 5 Ablative 
absolute. 6 Lit. to be with covered head. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 61 


CHAPTER XXIII 


THE ABLATIVE 


Usages to be noted: 


51. Time before or after is put in the ablative of 
the degree of difference with ante or post. The 
event before or after which something takes place 
may be a substantive (governed by ante or post) or 
a clause. Quaestor quadriennio post factus sum: four 
years afterwards I became quaestor. Biduo ante vic- 
toriam: two days before the victory. Anno enim post 
consul primum fuerat quam ego natus sum: for he 
had been consul for the first time one year after my 
birth. 

52. When the price of a thing is definitely ex- 
pressed (as in a given sum of money or in some 
object of value), it is put in the ablative. Indefinite 
price may also be denoted by the ablative of pretium 
with a modifier, or by quanto, magno, parvo, minimo, 
though with the last the genitive is perhaps the 
more common construction. Holera ferebat obolo in 
cenam: he was bringing an obol’s worth of vegetables for 
dinner. Triginta millibus habitavit: he paid thirty thou- 
sand rent. Magno domum vendidi: J sold the house for 
a large sum. 


Cf. A. 414, 416, 417, c; B. 223, 225; G. 403, 4 (a), 404; H. 478- 
479; H. & B. 424, 427; L. 1388, 1398. 


62 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


Exercise 45 


A man of small means in a large city once had a 
little shop valued at about a thousand American 
dollars! or six thousand Roman denarii.2 Every 
day people from the neighborhood would® come to 
buy something at a higher or lower price. Boys 
and girls would ask what is the price of this or that. 
“Do you sell these beautiful books very dearly?” 
they say. “How many could one get for adollar?” 
and so on. But a few months later, the owner for 
some* reason became discontented with his business. 
This was two years after he had bought it. A few 
days after the sale he purchased a small piece® of 
land in the country for twelve hundred dollars. 
For a long time, it seems, before this event he had 
desired to become a farmer. But he did not manage 
his affairs successfully. Six months after he had 
gone to the country he was anxious® to return to the 
city. “Alas,” he said, “if some one would only re- 
store me to my former life.” 


Exercise 46 


It is no longer possible’ for men to obtain with 
their own hands everything which they have need 


1 Use centussis. ? See for the case A. 134, d; B. 80, 5, 201, 1; 
G. 298, n.; H. 168; H. & B. 181,3. *Cf. Ex.6,n.1. *ie. some 
reason or other. ® Express a small piece of by using a diminutive 
for the following substantive. ‘i.e. eager. 4 Express by posse 
with the personal construction, 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 63 


of; the result is that we buy something of greater 
or less value almost every day. ‘ What is the price 
of bread to-day?” one asks in the bakeshop. ‘ How 
many loaves! do you give for a drachma, or if you 
prefer, for a denarius?” “I suppose,” says the 
clerk,? “that this is a kind of money,’ but I have 
myself never heard of it.” ‘Well, then,” you reply, 
“how many for twenty-five American cents?” An 
hour after in another shop, where several garrulous 
old men are discussing public events, you ask the 
owner the price of honey and olive oil. “ What I 
should like,” you say, “would be some honey from 
Hymettus* and some olive oil from California.”* “I 
am sorry,” replies the owner, “but both are very 
dear, and just at present there is such a scarcity that 
I have neither on hand.” About a month after this 
has taken place you think it might be to your inter- 
est to buy a building lot.6 “They are five hundred 
dollars apiece,” says the agent, “or about three 
thousand denarii, counted in your favoriteé Roman 
money. A few months ago they were cheaper, but 
a year hence they will have increased greatly in 
value.” He does not persuade you to buy at once, 
and yet in the end who could resist such allure- 
ments? 


1 panes; note the use of panis in the sense of loaf. 2 Use 
operarius in this context. *i.e. of coin. * Render the phrase by 
the adjective. 5 area. ° gratissimus. 


64 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


CHAPTER XXIV 


THE ABLATIVE — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


53. An interesting and useful construction occurs 
when opus est governs the ablative of a perfect par- 
ticiple in agreement with a noun or pronoun. The 
participle here (as some grammarians express it) 
“takes the leading idea of the phrase,” that is, the 
phrase as a whole is to be taken almost as if the par- 
ticiple were a verbal noun and its substantive a 
dependent genitive. The meaning is not so much 
passive in the sense of a result accomplished, as 
active, denoting the process of accomplishment. 
Thus, J need to build a house is mihi opus est aedificata 
domo (literally, I need a house built, that is, the build- 
ing of a house). So also, celeriter mi eo homine con- 
ventost opus: J need to call on this man at once, and 
mihi perdita republica non opus est: J do not need to 
ruin the commonwealth. ‘This use of the participle 
is more widely extended than is sometimes sup- 
posed. 

54. When a question is asked as to what shall be 
done to or become of a person or thing, the ablative 
is used with facio, fio, and sum. ‘Thus, quid me fiet: 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 65 


what will become of me? Quid hoc homine facias: what 
could one do with such a fellow? Quid te futurumst: 
what will become of you? This idiom is colloquial, 
occurring often in the comic poets, but is well authen- 
ticated for prose. 


Cf. A. 403, c, 411, a; B. 218, 2,6; G. 401, x. 7, 406; H. 474, 8, 477, 
iii; H. & B. 423, b ; 430, 2; L. 1815, 1382, 2286. 


Exercise 47 


A young man having completed his studies! re- 
solved? to devote himself to the commonwealth. 
“ Every community,” he said, “needs men of public 
spirit. What otherwise will become of the public 
interests? Nay, what will become of us and of 
future generations'?” His first task was to think 
what could be done with the indifferent. He saw 
too, that he needed to overcome the active enemies of 
the community, that is, the perverters of the law and 
the filchers of the goods of others. Long-established 
evils stood® before him like a fortified city. But he 
did not ask what would become of himself, or sell 
himself for money, or power, or position. For his 
undertaking he needed to have much strength of 
mind and body at his disposal.?7 He assailed public 
evils with confidence and courage. One day, unex- 
pectedly to others, he won the victory. 


1 Ablative absolute. ? placere. i.e. good citizens. +4 i.e. of 
posterity. ® Render by present participle of neglegere. ® adver- 
sari. 7 expromptus. 


66 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


Exercise 48 


“ First of all in our town,” said a public-spirited! 
citizen, “ we need to construct a large building for 
the care of the sick.” “ What became of the plan 
which was formed last year for this purpose?” asked 
his neighbor. “I don’t know,” he replied, “ but 
we should? go ahead at once. Doubtless we shall 
require considerable money in the end, but otherwise 
what will become of individuals who need to have 
the best of? care and for whom this is not possible at 
home? Consider, too, how it will promote the health 
of the community and how important it is that men 
have soundness of body.” ‘ We also need health of 
mind,” said another; “ in fact, we have* constantly to 
aid and refresh our spirits, to pour oil, as it were, 
into the lamp, to keep the flame from® going out. 
For this purpose there is hardly anything better than 
books. What can we do with people who read noth- 
ing, or only what is cheap and unwholesome? For 
my part I think we need also to establish a library, 
possibly through the liberality of some distinguished 
citizen.” “ Let us not forget,” said another, “ that 
we need to clean the streets and furnish an abundant 
supply of pure water. We should consider, too, the 
quality of the milk®; otherwise, what will become of 
the children?” 


lponus. 2? The idea of expediency. * Omit. * See Ex. 44, 
n. 4. 5 Render by a ne-clause. ° Lit. of what kind the milk is. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 67 


CHAPTER XXV 


THE ABLATIVE— Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


55. A noun which denotes the standpoint from 
which a statement is made or from which the mean- 
ing Of a single term is regarded is put in the abla- 
tive. ‘This is the ablative of respect or specification, 
answering the questions, in what? wherein? (see 
below the reference in H. & B.), that is, from what 
standpoint? The same relation is sometimes ex- 
pressed by ad (= Greek pes) and the accusative. 
Vita quidem talis fuit vel fortuna vel gloria ut nihil pos- 
set accedere: Ais life both in point of fortune and of 
fame was such that nothing could be added. Specie 
blanda sed re repudianda: enticing in appearance, but 
to be rejected in experience. 

56. Note that dignus and indignus take the abla- 
tive; the use of the genitive, which occurs occasion- 
ally, is not to be imitated in prose. Utinam sapientia 
mea digna esset opinione vestra nostroque cognomine: 
would that my wisdom were worthy of your impression 
of it and of my own name. Te omni honore indignissi- 
mum iudicat: he thinks that you are altogether un- 
worthy of every honor. 


Cf. A. 418 ; B. 226, 1, 2; G. 374, x. 10, 397; H. 480-481; H. & B. 
441-442; L. 1269, 1885, 1392. 


68 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


*Pxercise 49 


There were several persons engaged in conversa- 
tion at the dinner table.! “Is there anything,” said 
one of them, “which we do not like? in our people 
and which, in fact, we think to be worthy of re- 
proach?” “Yes,” replied another, “in their atti- 
tude toward’ the public good some men are unworthy 
of our approval. They refer everything to their own 
interest. ‘They want to increase their wages or their 
profits. In their aims they should consider the pub- 
lic interests of the greatest importance. Otherwise, 
they are unworthy of a free and equal common- 
wealth.” “Is it not,” said another, “reprehensible 
as a matter of conduct to put such great stress* on 
gratification of the senses? If excessive in intensity, 
how destructive it is to the mind!” ‘ Pleasure,” 
said another, “is not always worthy of blame. How 
little pleasure some men and women have in this 
world’! But what seems to me in every way a 
great evil is the man who talks too much.® To him 
I always say, ‘ My good sir,’ will you not spare us?’”’ 


Exercise 50 


“What is it among our people,’’® said some one 
at the dinner table? “which most deserves re- 


1 See Ex. 42, n.1, p. 58. 2 Lit. are not in the habit of praising. 
8in. *probare. ‘i.e. in this life. °® i.e. is too talkative. 7 mi 
homo, or o bone. *apud nos ipsos. ° Render here by in 
convivio. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 69 


proach?” “For my part,” replied another, “in 
point of ultimate injury to the community,! I think 
it is the men who, unworthy of a free and equal 
commonwealth, refer everything to the interests of 
their class. It is a question with them of increasing 
their wages or their profits. Now from the stand- 
point of experience? these classes seem bound? to 
exist, and in the conflict of their interests consists, 
for a great part, the history of the world.* But to 
be worthy of the highest praise, they should in their 
policies regard the public good as of greater impor- 
tance than themselves. Consider how fatal the lack 
of this was® to popular government in Rome.®” 
“What is even more reprehensible,” said another, 
“is the fact that we place so much stress on physical 
eratifications of different kinds. These, of course, 
may promote happiness, if not excessive in number 
or intensity. But as there is nothing nobler than 
the mind, so there is nothing, as Cicero says, more 
fatal to it than too much bodily pleasure. The 
latter, in fact, is in many respects a curse; it blinds, 
as it were, the eyes of the spirit, and when one is 
under the influence of it, he can accomplish nothing 
in the way of reflection or reason.” ‘“ Pleasure,” said 
another, “‘can doubtless become an evil, though some 
of us have too little of it rather than too much.” 


1 Not used in a political sense, but rather in that of the social 
life; render by vita civilis. * Strengthen by the intensive pro- 
noun. %i.e. necessarily. 4 Lit. the achievements of the nations. 
Sie. the fact that this was lacking. *i.e. among the Romans. 


70 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


CHAPTER XXVI 


THE RELATIVE CLAUSE 


Usages to be noted: 


57. In the practical use of the relative clause the 
main difficulty is the mode, which will depend ulti- 
mately on the idea the clause is meant to express. 
There are certain mechanical conditions under which 
the subjunctive is the rule, as when the clause fol- 
lows certain words like dignus, idoneus, unus, solus, 
etc., or when it refers to a negative or indefinite ante- 
cedent (or to an interrogative one with a negative 
implication). Clauses which occur under these con- 
ditions are generally regarded as clauses of character- 
istic or tendency, though all cannot be placed in this 
category without question. The subjunctive itself 
varies in character. Non erit idoneus qui ad bellum 
mittatur: he will not be a suitable person to send to war. 
Hic liber non est satis dignus qui iterum legatur: this 
book is not worth reading twice. Nihil habeo quod 
accusem senectutem: I have no fault to find with old 
age. Nihil ego video quod gaudeas: J see no reason 
why you should be glad. Nemo est quinesciat: there is 
no one who doesn’t know. Sunt qui non habeant: there 
are some who have not. Quid fecit quod nos pigeret : 
what did he do that we were ashamed of ? Consult the 
grammars for other examples. 


Cf. A. 535, a, NN. 1 and 2, 3, 1, f; B. 288, 1, 2; G. 681, 1, 2; H. 
591, 1, 2, 4, 5,7; H. & B. 517, 2; 519, 2, 3a; L. 1818-1828. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 71 


Exercise 51 


There is no one perhaps who has written with more 
feeling about the farmer’s life than Cicero. Who is 
there who does not remember the famous chapter 
which he puts into the mouth of Cato? Does not 
this deserve to be read twice? Is it not also suitable 
to be committed to memory!? There are some who 
do not value country life so highly. But perhaps 
they are such as have never themselves made trial 
of its joys. Have they ever planted a tree with their 
own hands, or seen the buds come out in springtime? 
Again, what is there more skilful than pruning and 
grafting, or more healthful than to plough and to har- 
row? He who does this comes in daily contact? with 
the earth. There is no one, moreover, who receives a 
surer return, nor is there any life which comes more 
closely to that of a reasonable and wise man. How 
ancient is the cultivation of the soil, and how closely 
associated with the progress of the human race®! So 
at least thought Cicero. © 


Exercise 52 


To-day, as in the time of Cato, the man who thinks 
of becoming* a farmer has need of much special? 
knowledge of his calling. Is he himself in point of 
physical strength worthy to lead the life of the hus- 


1 memoriae mandare. *contingere. * Lit. how connected 
(coniunctus) with the human race moving onward. * See Ex. 31, 
n. 3. © proprius. 


72 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


bandman? Are there not hardships which he cannot 
readily endure? Again it may be! that the ground 
which he has chosen for his farm is not suitable for 
cultivation; in fact, there are many places which are 
fit only to be given over to the flocks and herds. 
Even though in other respects it may be a suitable 
place to select, the soil may be deficient in moisture 
and in natural forces.2 If this be the case, there will 
be need of ditching and watering and fertilizing and 
constant cultivation to make it more productive, and 
there is nothing which requires more skill. It is 
also necessary to plough and harrow and plant the seed 
in the ground thus prepared. There are some who 
say that this requires only strength of body, but 
there is no one who does not know how important is 
the manner in which these operations? are carried on. 
For those who perform them rightly the produce of 
the soil may be abundant. Let us suppose, for ex- 
ample, that the farmer has planted grain in due sea- 
son, whether in springtime or autumn. Who is there 
who has not seen the green blades which, supported 
by the fibres of the stem, hold themselves* upright 
by means of a jointed stalk? Finally the ear ap- 
pears protected by a rampart, as it were, of beards. 
About none of these things can the farmer be 
ignorant. 


1 Render by potest fieri ut. i.e. in force and nature. 
* Omit. ‘* The reflexive idea may be expressed here by the pas- 
sive, 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 73 


CHAPTER XXVII 


THE RELATIVE CLAUSE — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


58. When the relative clause stands in an explicit 
causal relation to the sentence, the subjunctive is the 
normal prose usage. ‘Thus, o miserum senem, qui mor- 
tem contemnendam esse non viderit: poor old man, not 
to have seen that death should be despised. 0 vis veri- 
tatis quae se defendat: what a power has truth, seeing 
that it can defend itself! ‘The relative in these clauses 
may be preceded by quippe (less frequently by ut or 
utpote) to strengthen the causal idea. Convivia non 
inibat, quippe qui ne in oppidum quidem nisi perraro 
veniret: he never attended dinner parties since he never 
even went to a town except rarely. non procul aberat, 
utpote qui sequeretur: he was not far away, as he was 
in pursuit. Note that since he, since it, etc., may be 
translated by quippe qui, quippe quod, etc. 

59. A relative clause with the subjunctive may 
also be used to express an idea which is opposed to 
that of the main clause. These clauses (sometimes 
called concessive) are properly adversative. Absol- 
vite eum, qui se fateatur pecunias cepisse : set him free 
though he confesses that he took the money. 


Cf. A. 535, e, XN. 1; B. 283, 3, a, b; G. 626, x. 1, 688-684; H. 592, 
1, 2, 8, 4, 598, 2; H. & B. 523, a, b; L. 1824-1827. 


74 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


Exercise 53 


The poet, who also as a rule delights! in nature,? 
often sets his heart on a farm. Such was the case 
with the Roman Horace. He longed for the country, 
though for the most part he had been brought up in 
the city. “My heart’s desire,” he said, “is a little 
piece of land, a house with a kitchen® garden near 
by, and a few trees.” This desire,t which was so 
modest a one, he did not realize® at once. But one 
day he received a letter from the rich and powerful 
Maecenas, who was his friend. “Iam glad,” wrote 
the latter, “to be able to present you with a small 
farm in the country® of the Sabines. I do this in 
recognition® of your talents, and in honor of our be- 
loved Muse. I hope the gift will be welcome to you 
and not unknown to posterity.” In this quiet place, 
which was far removed from the noise and disorder 
and confusion of the city, Horace wrote many of his 
poems. And yet should we always say, O fortu- 
nate poet, to find some Maecenas ! 


Exercise 54 


One who spends perhaps the greater part of the 
year in the city was speaking of the country. “I 
will tell you,” he said, “ what I think of the country, 
seeing that I pass some months there every year. 


li.e, is delighted by. ? nature here means the natural forces 
of the earth; use Cicero’s expression terrae vis et natura. 
®Omit. ‘4 desire= the object desired; use optatum. ° impe- 
trare. ° propter. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 75 


What I care for most of all is the trees; I like to 
plant them in rows with my own hands and to see 
them grow. I have several now which are quite! 
tall, though they were planted only a few months 
ago. Others, which are older, are already bearing 
fruit or giving shade in summer. These, too, have 
flourished, though they have often felt the lack? of 
moisture. But my chief delight is an ancient olive, 
which is both useful and beautiful. Consider how 
trees are often associated with men or important 
events. ‘I live near® the Pear Tree,’ said a great 
poet, and near by the Tall Tree, as we know, is the 
seat of a university.” “I am inclined to think,” 
said another, ‘* that the vine, which requires perhaps 
greater care than the tree, gives the more pleasure. 
If it be supported by props, it uses its tendrils like 
hands, and so catches hold of whatever it finds.® If 
it be held back by the pruning knife, the supports 
will not be needed. The pruning, which prevents 
the vine from putting® out too many shoots, is of the 
greatest importance. Finally the cluster appears and 
becomes sweet as it ripens, though at first it is very 
bitter to the taste. To put the matter briefly’ what 
is finer to see than a well-kept vineyard?” ‘“ Noth- 
ing,” answered another, “except perhaps a well-kept 


apple orchard, or a garden with flowers of every 
kind.” 


lgatis. *desiderare. *ad. *See Ex. 18, 1. 5% The per- 
fect is required here. ®See Ex. 10, n. 6. 7ut brevi prae. 
cidam. 


76 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


CHAPTER XXVIII 


THE RELATIVE CLAUSE — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


60. The English as far as with a dependent clause 
may be translated by the relative quod introducing 
a relative clause of restriction. ‘The mode in these 
clauses is not altogether free from uncertainty, but 
the subjunctive is to be used with verbs of knowing, 
perceiving, remembering, and the like. Thus, quod 
sciam, as far as I know; quod audierim, as far as I 
have heard. As to the other predicates the con- 
struction occurs most frequently with possum, the 
impersonal attinet, and sum, and here the indicative 
is the rule. Quod potero, faciam quod voles: as far 
as I can, I will do what you desire. But even here 
the subjunctive appears, due perhaps to a feeling for 
the conditional character of the clause. Sumptui ne 
parcas ullain re quod ad valetudinem opus sit: do not 
spare expense inany respect, as far as it is (that is, of 2 
should be) necessary for your health. 

61. To be observed also is the qui-clause of re- 
striction, which has the effect of narrowing the range 
of the antecedent. In English the restriction 
may be indicated by a qualifying only or at least. 
When the restrictive idea is clearly implied, use the 
subjunctive. Refertae sunt, quas quidem adhuc inve- 
nerim et legerim, et verbis et rebus inlustribus: his 







rx BRAR Ys 
Eada it 
OF THE 


voolacanl - 
OF 5 
é 7 


si ae 

~~ it eb LO 
ooh bat seo 
ee 


Ss eer 


LATIN PROSE COMPOS 


speeches, at least those which I have so far come upon 
and read, are crowded with happy expressions and fine 
thoughis. 


Cf. A. 585, d; B. 283, 5; G. 627, Rem. 1 and 2; H. 591, 3; H. & 
B. 521, 1, f, 522; L. 1829. 


Exercise 55 


Most people, at least those who enjoy the minor 
pleasures, like! to dine at home with a few friends. 
Perhaps it is the father of the family who says: “Come, 
let us give a dinner party, and as far as possible, invite 
only our most intimate friends. How many guests 
shall there be? The last time, as far as 1 remember, 
ten sat down at? table; this time let us ask only 
six.” Accordingly, as far as might be, the invita- 
tions to the dinner are despatched at once. “ Will 
you do* us the honor,” they say, “to dine at our 
house* the day after to-morrow at seven o'clock?” 
And the answer in each case is substantially as fol- 
lows, “It will be a great pleasure, and as far as I 
know, nothing will prevent® my being present.” In 
fact, they all came. Of the dinner parties at least 
which they had given in the year this was the most 
pleasant. No one, as far as they heard, was sorry 
that he came. It was late when they all said good 
night. Listen now to what the poet says about 
children at the dinner table. “They should behave 
mannerly,” he says, “at least as far as they are able.” 


1See Ex.1,n. 1, p.2. ? ad. ®deferre. 4 apud nos. ° For 
the construction which follows, see Ex. 20, n. 9. 


78 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


Exercise 56 


Cato, in the words at least which Cicero puts into 
his mouth, thought it among the minor pleasures to 
dine with his friends. “In my younger days,’! he 
says, “it was the fashion to establish? clubs, and, as 
far as possible, we made them occasions for modest 
banquets. No one, as far as I know, regretted being 
amember. I myself still like to dine, but in modera- 
tion, being for this reason exempt from indigestion.” 
At every banquet or dinner party, at least which we 
are most glad® to attend, there is of course an abun- 
dance of food and drink, and also a pleasant com- 
pany, as far as possible, of friends and acquaintances. 
As the guests sit together under the bright lights 
and with dainty cups and other beautiful objects 
about them, the conversation is carried on merrily, 
from the head of the table to the foot. When the 
dinner itself is finished, the master of the feast, as the 
ancients called him, rises to his feet. ‘My friends,” 
he says, “as far as I know, I have never presided on 
a happier occasion. I bid you all welcome, and, as 
far as may be, I hope that you will never forget our 
present meeting. I will now call on one of our 
number to make a few remarkst—a man known for 
his virtues both in public and private.” ‘ As far as 
I remember,” said the latter, as he arose, “ this is the 


lie. in my youth (as opposed to old age). * Either a substan- 
tive ut clause of result or an infinitive is permissible. A. 568; B. 
297, 3; G. 422, nn. 2 and 5, 557, Rem. ; H. 571,4; H. & B. 502, 3, 
a, 521, 3, a, 585; L. 1955, 2211. * Cf. Ex. 25, n. 3. ‘4i.e. to say 
a few words. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 79 


first time I have attempted to speak in public, and 
I am so embarrassed! in the presence of? this distin- 
guished company that I can only say, I thank you.” 
A little later they all bade’ the host good night. 


CHAPTER XXIX 


CAUSAL CLAUSES 


Usages to be noted: 


62. When cause or reason is expressed by a rela- 
tive clause (as we have already seen in Chapter 
XXVII), or by a cum clause, the subjunctive is 
required. The subjunctive must also be used in 
causal clauses introduced by quod, quia, quoniam, etc., 
when the principle of partial obliquity enters, that is, 
when the authority for a statement is shifted from 
the present speaker to some one else in the context. 
Reprehendis me, quia defendam: you find fault with me 
because (as you say) I defend him. Supplicatio de- 
creta est quod Italiam bello liberassem: a thanksgiving 
was voted because (as the senate said) I had saved 
Italy from war. 

63. A reason which the speaker rejects or regards 
as untenable requires the subjunctive. Clauses of 
this character are introduced by non quod, non quo, 
non quin. Thus, meum casum fortiter ferre visus sum, 

1 Lit. it so shames me. ? Render by the genitive of the follow- 


ing substantive ; this is an éxtension of the construction in Chap. 
XVI, 38. i.e. said to. 


80 ‘LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


non quo aequo animo ferrem: J seemed to bear my mis- 
fortune bravely, not that I was actually resigned to it. 
Non quod succenserem, sed quod suppudebat: not be- 
cause I was angry, but because [ was somewhat ashamed. 


Cf. A. 540, a, n.d; B. 285, 286, b; G. 541 w. 2; H. 588, ii, 2; H. 
& B. 585, 2, a, b; L. 1722, 1725-1726, 1855. 


Exercise 57 


Let us say a few words! about the theatre, not, of 
course, that every one is fond of it. Cicero once 
consoled a friend for being absent from? the games 
because the stage performances? were not worth 
while. The latter had little charm in the first place 
because the stage trappings were overdone. In one 
tragedy six hundred mules were brought on the 
stage. Then there was little pleasure because the 
actors did not carry out their parts well. The voice 
of one actually failed in a well-known passage. The 
result was‘ that Cicero was not sorry® that his friend 
had not come. ‘This, too, is what we ourselves 
* sometimes experience. We regret also that the great 
plays of the Greeks® and the Romans® are so seldom 
seen on the stage. This is not that they are lacking 
in dramatic power,’ but the reason is rather that so 
few people are familiar with the language. And 
yet these plays are sometimes produced with the 
idea that every one, even though ignorant of the 

1Omit. ? Omit being absent from. *ludi scaenici. * quo 


factum est ut. ° Use paenitere. ° Use adjectives instead of the 
genitive. 7 i.e the power of placing the event before the eyes. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 81 


language, will be moved by their beauty. And, in 
fact, who could forget the devotion! of Antigone or 
the woes of Orestes ? 


Exercise 58 


It may? be asked why people to-day are so fond 
of the theatre. It is not perhaps altogether because 
they desire to be amused, but because they see so 
many interesting characters represented on the stage.* 
Let us suppose that one makes up his mind to go to 
the theatre on a certain evening. In the first place, 
he buys his tickets several days before, not that it is 
absolutely necessary, but because (as he thinks) it 
will save him from inconvenience. He chooses a 
place in the tenth row, because (he reflects) he will 
be neither too near the stage® nor too far away, as 
would be the case if he were in the first row or the 
last. At eight o’clock on the appointed evening the 
play begins in the presence of a large audience. On 
the stage he sees brought on such characters as the 
stern father, the maiden in distress, the young man* 
with the strong arms and the brave spirit, and even 
the so-called villain, and all together they weave a 
story of the life of to-day. The audience remains till 
the fall of the curtain® and gives hearty applause to the 
actors, not that all had acted well throughout the play, 
(there were some who actually broke down in the 


1 For the case see A. 350; B. 205-206; G. 376; H. 454; H. & 
B. 350; L. 1287. 2See Ex.1,n.1,p.1. %ie. of plays. * Omit. 
5 scaena. ° Use plaudite. 


82 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


last act), but that the performance of the play as a 
whole had given pleasure. Not only is the stage 
like life, but life is also like a play. “All the 
world’s a stage,” says our great poet, ‘“‘and men and 
women merely players.” 


CHAPTER XXX 


UT (OR NE) CLAUSES 


Usages to be noted: 


64. The ut (or ne) clause of stipulation, as it 
has been called, should be noted here. When the 
statement of the main clause is made with a certain 
understanding or under a certain agreement, the 
understanding or the agreement is expressed by an 
ut or ne clause with the subjunctive. Thus, missus 
est ad senatum ut rediret ipse Carthaginem: he was sent 
- to the senate on the understanding that he himself would 
return to Carthage. Pax ita convenerat ut Etruscis 
Latinisque fluvius Albula finis esset: peace was agreed to 
on the understanding that the Albula should be the 
boundary for the Etruscans and the Latins. With this 
construction compare tanti, non tanti followed by an 
ut or ne clause. Certe tanti non fuissent ut socium 
frauderetis: surely it would not have been worth while to 
defraud an associate. 

65. In substantive clauses after verbs of fearing 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 83 


and similar expressions, that is rendered by ne and 
that not by ut. When the predicate of the main 
clause is itself negative that not is usually ne non. 
Thus, orator metuo ne languescat senectute: as to the 
orator I am afraid that he is weakened by years. 
Vereor vim ut queas ferre: I fear that you cannot with- 
stand compulsion. Haud sane periculum est ne non 
mortem optandum putet: there ts certainly no danger 
that he will not think death desirable. Verbs of fear- 
ing may also be followed by the indirect question, 
and where the subject remains the same, by the in- 
finitive. 


Cf. A. 456, 587, c, 564; B. 296, 2, a, 328; G. 428, 2, 550, 2, ww. 1, 2, 
4, 5, 652, 8; H. & B. 502, 4, 518, 4, 586; L. 1957-1959, 2169. 


Exercise 59 


A matter about which almost every one thinks 
it worth while to reflect is physical! exercise. Let us 
hear what Cicero has to say on this subject. “Iam 
afraid,” he remarks, “especially in the case of? older 
persons, that exercise for the body is often too severe, 
and? for this reason is not beneficial. One should use 
his strength with the understanding that he has only 
so much‘ at his command.® If this have the proper® 
direction, there is no danger that he will not be strong 


li.e. of the body. 2% Express by dative of reference in the fol- 
lowing substantive. 8 and not here= neve. See A. 450,n.5; B. 
282,d; G. 548, 4; H. 568, 6; H. & B. 464; L. 1947. 4s0 much 
equals a certain amount; render by quiddam. Omit. 


84 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


enough for all the duties of life. I fear, too, that 
there is not sufficient moderation! in food and drink. 
These should be used with the idea of avoiding ex- 
cess. There will then be no danger that they will 
not make the body strong.” Cicero’s opinions should 
be read with the understanding that they were writ- 
ten for the most part for old men. He did not 
greatly fear that the younger generation? would 
spend too much time in running, jumping, and ball 
playing. Neither have we, seeing our young athletes 
exercising on the track, for example, any misgiving 
as to what the outcome will be. In fact we do not 
fear to urge them on. 


Exercise 60 


“Tt would have been worth your while,” wrote a 
young student, “ to have been present a few days ago 
at our field sports.? I am afraid that you would 
have been disappointed‘ in the jumping and would 
not have thought very highly® of certain other events, 
but there is no danger that you would not have been 
enthusiastic over the running. Our men ran the 
race® with the understanding that each one should 
strive to win to the limit of his strength.’ At first 
they ran slowly, fearing to tire themselves out; then 
they gradually increased their speed,’ and finally 


1moderatio. *iuvenes. *Use ludi campestres. ‘ Lit. 
it would have turned out contrary to your expectation in respect 
to, ete. ® Render not very highly by non ita magni. ° Omit. 
7 omnibus viribus. * Lit. hastened with greater speed (cursus). 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 85 


when they were on the homeward stretch and near! 
the goal, one shot out? from the rest and crossed the 
line, the winner by only a few feet. In the mean- 
time the great throng, which was present, rose in its 
place, waved its hands, and shouted? its applause* in 
honor of the victors. It was asight which one would 
not have missed® fora great deal. When I first came, 
I hesitated to take® up this kind of exercise, fearing 
that it would not be altogether beneficial. Accord- 
ingly I began to exercise on the track with the under- 
standing that I should give it up if the exercise was 
too severe. It isscarcely credible how much stronger 
in muscles and lungs I became in a short time. I 
have no fear that this will not continue’ to be the 
case.” 


CHAPTER XXXI 


UT (OR NE) CLAUSES — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


66. In the case of substantive clauses with verbs 
like moneo and suadeo, it is necessary to distinguish 
between those introduced by ut or ne, and those in 
which the proper construction is the accusative and 


1to be near to is prope abesse ab with abl. 2 se prorumpere. 
8 Omit; connect what follows with preceding clause by an ablative 
of attendant circumstance. * clamor. ° praetermittere. ° In- 
finitive or subjunctive? A. 558, a, nn. 1 and 2; B. 298; G. 423, 2, 
n. 2, 555, 2, Rem. 1; H. 595, 1, 596, 1; H. & B. 502, 3, b, 586; L, 
1986-1987. 7 pergere. 


86 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


infinitive. In the former case it is some action which 
is advised or urged; in the latter the truth of some 
historical fact. Thus, quae tu me mones ut caveam: 
you warn me to beware of this. Suadebit tibi ut hinc 
discedas: he will urge you to take your departure. But 
suadebant nullam esse rationem amittere eius modi oc- 
casionem: they urged that there was no reason to lose an 
opportunity of this character. Res ipsa monebat finem 
inter nos scribendi fieri tempus esse: the circwmstances 
themselves suggested that it was time to make an end of 
our correspondence. 

67. Ut, how, is frequently used in indirect ques- 
tions. Sed videtis, ut senectus non modo languida 
atque iners non sit, verum etiam sit operosa: but you 
see how old age is not listless and inactive, but is even 
busy. 


Cf. A. 563; B. 295; G. 546, x. 1; H. 565,6; H.& B. 502, 8; 537, 
d, 8, 589, a; L. 1949-1950, 1954 (0). 


Exercise 61 


We hear much to-day about the training obtained 
in college.t As to its value? it may be remarked 
that people are generally agreed. Some may? suggest 
that it could be improved. Others are convinced 
that one kind of training is better than another. No 
one will urge, however, that you are better off with- 
out any,* and that time given to study is wasted. It 

i.e. of the liberal arts. * value here means estimate of value ; 


use aestimatio. *Cf. Ex. 52, n. 1, p. 72. * i.e. any at all; cf. 
Chap. V, 11. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 87 


is easy to see how this has come about. Within the 
last few years a great host of young men and women 
have been persuaded (though with most! there was 
little need of persuasion) to avail themselves of this 
higher? training, and so to make their lives happier 
and themselves more useful. The result is that they 
have advised others to follow in their footsteps. In 
fact, nowadays the whole world, as it were, goes to 
collegs,? and what we call a college education is con- 
sidered the birthright* of every man and woman. 
Cicero persuaded his son to study at Athens, advis- 
ing him not to waste his time, but to listen diligently 
to the philosophers. It is not pleasant to think how 
he disappointed his father in the end. 


Exercise 62 


“T have been thinking,” said one of the group, 
“about the pleasures of college life.6 If it were sug- 
gested to one that he write an essay® on this subject, 
what especially should he say? Ido not myself see 
how he would best? begin.” ‘I should advise him,” 
said another, “to speak first of the association with 
others. J am convinced that there is nothing more 
pleasant than associating with those of our own age, 
who are also interested’ in the same things. And 
every one knows how friendships are formed? from 


1 i.e. in the case of most. *liberalis. * i.e. employs itself (ex- 
ercere) in liberal studies. *ius. ® Use res academicae. ® ali- 
quid. ‘i.e. most easily. *curare. °%i.e. arise from. 


88 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


this association, which are never broken.” “I sug- 
gest,” said a third, “ that the second point should deal 
with college! games. ‘There are some people, as we 
all know, who cannot be persuaded to take any in- 
terest? in these contests, and there are even places? 
where they do not exist, but no one can convince me 
that they have not a great deal to do with our pleas- 
ures. Is there anything more enjoyable than a hotly* 
contested ball game or a race which is won in the 
last lap, and that, too, by only a few feet?” “ What 
especially delights me,” said a fourth, ‘and I suggest 
that this should be the third point, is to live al- 
ways in the sight of beautiful and interesting build- 
ings. Some of these with their long colonnades re- 
mind one of Rome and Italy, and others, though 
perhaps old, bring back the memory of great men. 
And speaking® of great men, we have said nothing 
about the association with our teachers. This, I 
think, should be the fourth point.” 


CHAPTER XXXII 


THE CUM CLAUSE 


Usages to be noted: 


68. It is frequently the case that the date of the 
action of the main clause of a sentence is specified by 


1Cf.n.5. 2 8eenote 8. * Omit. ‘acriter. ‘i.e. that we may 
speak of. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 89 


a subordinate clause. This is a common function of 
the cum clause with the indicative. A special case 
occurs when the date is one from which a lapse of 
time begins. In the sentence “It is ten years since 
he paid the debt,” the clause “since he paid the 
debt,”’ defines the date from which the ten years 
began to run. In Latin, clauses of this kind are ex- 
pressed by cum with the present or perfect indicative. 
Nondwin centum et decem anni sunt cum lata lex est: it is 
not yet one hundred and ten years since the law was 
passed. Vincensimus annus est cum omnes scelerati me 
petunt: it 7s now the twentieth year since I have been at- 
tacked by every malefactor. 

69. There was (is, or will be) a time when is fuit 
(est or erit) cum with the subjunctive. J remember 
the time when, however, is memini cum with the indica- 
tive. Fuit cum rura colerent homines: there was a time 
when men tilled the fields. Memini cum mihi desipere 
videbare: I remember the time when you seemed to me 
to be altogether lacking in good sense. 


Cf. A. 585, a, nx. 3; B. 288; G. 580, Rem. 1,2, 3; H. 601, 3,4, n.; H. 
& B. 521, 1, 550 (eleventh example) ; L. 1870-1871. 


Exercise 63 


“May I ask how many years it is since this farm 
began to be cultivated?” 

“Certainly; it was ten years ago. It was a time 
when land was cheap, though I can remember when 


90 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


it was still less valuable. The soil has turned! out to 
be very productive.” — 

“‘ [ suppose it produces almost every kind of crop.” 

“Oh, yes; fruits, grain, vegetables, not to speak of 
cattle, hogs, and sheep. But we give our attention 
especially to fruits, of which we have many varieties, 
such as the apple, plum, pear, fig, and the like. It 
is several years now since we had any grain worthy 
of mention. And yet I remember when the whole 
country was virtually? given over to this one crop.®” 

“When the time comes to gather* the fruit, do you 
find it difficult to obtain sufficient help?” 

“Well, there are times when there is a scarcity of 
laborers, but it is two or three years now since we 
actually suffered any loss. In fact, we do most of 
the work ourselves, and so do not trust our fortunes 
to others.” 

“By the way, I notice that your trees are laid out 
in the form? of a quincunx.” 

“Yes; my son, who had been to college, was 
responsible for our doing that. He said it was the 
way Romans did.” 

“Did he also tell how they planted their trees for 
the benefit® of another generation?” | 

“ Yes, but we did not look quite so far into the 
future. Perhaps there will be a time when we shall 
imitate the Romans even in this respect.” 


1 Make the construction impersonal. ?fere. *® Omit. ‘4 Not 
the infinitive. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 91 


Exercise 64 


“Why,! how do you do, my dear old fellow?? It’s 
along time since I saw you last. How’s every- 
thing?” 

“ Oh, just so-so. Fact is though, it is a couple of 
months since [ have been much in the public eye,* as 
Cicero says.” 

“Why,° what is the trouble? No bad news from 
home, I hope.” 

“Oh, no, the family are all right. It is only a few 
days since I had a letter from my mother. She 
writes they are all well. It is a time with them 
when the weather is rather bad, but that is to be 
expected at this season of the year.” 

‘“‘ Nevertheless, you don’t seem very cheerful.” 

“JT will tell you how it is. You remember when 
we read about Ennius and his two burdensof poverty 
and old age. Well,’ I am not yet old, but I am 
poor.” , 

“Tell me, when did all this happen?” 

“About three months ago. I had a letter from 
my father in which he said that the crops were bad 
this year, and the farm was not yielding much profit. 
Knowing this, of course, I get on with as little as 
possible. But after all, the lack of money doesn’t 

1 Render by the interjection O. 2? mi vetule ; used playfully by 
Cicero in addressing one of his intimate friends. * ut sese res 
habent ? ‘i.e. in the eyes of the citizens. ® Render by nam ap- 


pended to the following interrogative. %se bene habere. 
7 igitur in post-positive position. 


92 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


amount to much.! I can remember when I had less, 
and was still very comfortable. But what does make 
me feel out of sorts is some of the professors.” 

“What have these unhappy men been doing now?” 

“There was a time when what they gave us to do 
was fairly easy, and the time will be, doubtless, when 
it will be so again, but just now their main end? in 
life seems to be to make our burdens as heavy as 
possible. I wonder if they ever remember the time 
when they were young?” 

* Perhaps not; but let us hope the time will come 
when they will.” 


CHAPTER XXXIII 


THE CUM CLAUSE — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


70. When two clauses of a sentence are equivalent 
in substance (when one, as it were, translates the 
other), the dependent part may be expressed in 
English by a when-clause or a prepositional phrase. 
Thus, we may say, “ When they acquiesce, they give 
their approval,” or “In acquiescing, they give their 
approval.” In Latin in sentences of this kind, we 
may have a cum clause with the indicative. Cum 
quiescunt, probant, or (with change of tense) cum 
quiescebant, probabant: when they acquiesced, they gave 


1 Express by indefinite genitive. * pulcherrimum. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 93 


their approval. ‘The tenses of the two clauses are 
the same. 

71. The English present and perfect active par- 
ticiples, denoting some attendant circumstance, are 
often represented by a cum clause of situation with 
the subjunctive. Cum sex annis ante quam ego natus 
sum fabulam docuisset, usque ad adulescentiam meam 
processit aetate: having brought out a play six years 
before I was born, he lived on down to my own man- 
hood. Cecidit, cum fortissime pugnaret: he fell fight- 
ing with the utmost bravery. Instead of cum with the 
imperfect subjunctive in this construction, we may 
find the present participle. 


Cf. A. 546, 549, a; B. 288, b, 290; G. 582, 585, Rem. ; H. 600, 
ii, 1; H. & B. 524, a, 551; L. 1872, 1874. 


Exercise 65 


In buying a book the reader does a favor to the 
author. Once there was a poet who had just pub- 
lished a volume of verse.! Walking one day in the 
street, he was met by an acquaintance. “I arrived 
in the city only a few days ago,” said the latter, 
“having been absent for several months. At once 
I began to hear people discussing your new book. 
It happened, however, that none of my friends had 
a copy with him, not having known of my desire to 
see it.2, May I not send some one to your house to 
whom you can’ give the book? When I have read‘ 


lie. of poems. that I desired to see it. *% Subjunctive or 
indicative ? * Future perfect. 


94 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


it, I will return it immediately.” ‘“ My good! friend,” 
said the poet, “you do me honor in wishing to read 
my book, but is it not a little absurd to make the 
long journey to my house? Near by is a shop where 
the much-desired book is on sale at one dollar a 
copy.” ‘ But,” replied the other, “I doubt very 
much if it is worth as much as all that.” “I fancy 
that perhaps you may be right,’” said the poet. 


Fxercise 66 


Is it possible for an author to appraise his own 
writings at their true value? When, for example, 
he himself thinks highly of them, is he anticipating 
the opinion of posterity ? Many writers, taking note 
of the character® of their work, have been confident* 
of immortality. So felt Horace after finishing the 
third book of the Odes. “I have completed,”® he 
says, “a monument more enduring than bronze,” 
meaning, of course, his poems. But there have been 
many others who were not so sure, knowing the rav- 
ages of time® And in being willing to leave their 
fame in the hands of future generations, were they 
not acting wisely? For perhaps in no other way in 
such matters can a final judgment be given. It 
seems rather strange, it must be confessed, that this 
should be the case. Why is it that no one can pre- 


10Omit. 7 i.e. it may be as you say; or, render by sapere, to 
have discernment. *® Render by a clause with qualis. ‘i.e. per- 
suaded that they will be immortal. *° exigere. ° i.e. the teeth, as 
it were, of time. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 95 


dict with certainty whether or not! the works of an 
author will survive? Doubtless there are many con- 
siderations which have to be taken into account, but 
it is not easy to say how important®? and well 
grounded’ each one is. Perhaps the main question 
is whether he is of* assistance to men and women in 
their daily lives.6 In the meantime, when a writer 
of books longs for reputation, is he doing anything 
unworthy of himself? Has not the great poet called 
fame “that last infirmity of noble minds” ? 


CHAPTER XXXIV 


THE CUM CLAUSE— Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


72. A frequent use of the cum clause is to give 
the cause or reason of a statement. With this 
familiar construction should be compared the use of 
cum with the indicative after verbs of congratulating, 
thanking, being glad, and the like. This is an explan- 
atory substantive clause, but (like the quod clause 
under similar conditions) it in reality gives the 
ground of the action of the main clause. Tibi maxi- 
mas gratias ago, cum tantum litterae meae potuerunt: fg 
thank you most heartily for having given my letter so 
much weight. This construction may be freely used 
within the range here indicated. 


1In direct questions or not is annon; in indirect, necne. 
2quantus. *iustus. ‘i.e. for. ° usus. 


96 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


73. Adversative clauses, introduced by although, 
even though, whereas, require cum with the subjunc- 
tive. Fuit perpetuo pauper, cum divitissimus esse 
posset: ie was always straitened in means, whereas 
he might have been very rich. 


Cf. A. 549, a; B. 286, 2, 309, 3; G. 564, 2, 586-587; H. 598- 
599; H. & B. 525, 569, a; L. 1875-1878. 


Exercise 67 


“T congratulate you,” wrote a friend, “that you 
are taking a vacation. Though the holiday will not 
be a long one, I am sure you will come back refreshed 
in mind and body. I have noticed for some time? 
how heavily® burdened you were with responsibility, 
whereas you can now be oblivious, for a while at 
least, to worries of every kind. Seeing that you 
have been so long in the city, the sight of tall trees 
and green meadows, and the sound of running streams 
will be especially welcome. I think, too, that in the 
mountains one has a new relish, as it were, for* 
what he eats and drinks. And then what sleep one 
enjoys—the gentle slumber that comes without 
dreams. Since you have suffered so much from 
insomnia, this will be a great blessing indeed. 
Speaking of sleep, have you read that fine® passage 
in one of the younger English poets? ‘How all 


lie. are postponing your affairs; vacation is res prolata. 
2 non nihil temporis. * Omit. ‘4 Objective genitive. ° divinus; 
if this seems too strong, use gravis. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 97 


good things,’ he says, ‘await the soul that pays the 
price to fate! by equal sacrifice!2 And how on him 
that sleeps for less than labor’s sake, there creeps 
uncharmed® the Pythian snake!’ I am much obliged 
to you for letting me know how you are getting on.” 


Erercise 68 


“‘ Vacation‘ is coming, and for my part I am glad. 
I wish myself joy that it is almost here.” 

“Still, seeing that we have a good many things 
yet to do, the end of our labors would not seem to 
be so close at hand. For one thing, there is still a 
little more Latin composition,® not to speak of other 
subjects,® which has to be finished.” 

“That does make’ rather a gloomy prospect.® 
And yet I am thankful that most of it is done.” 

“But you have forgotten all the hardships of the 
final week,® even though studies be done with and 
examinations passed. Are you not obliged to at- 
tend" two farces, one by the seniors and the other 
by the juniors? Then on the last day of all come 
the words of counsel and congratulation. But why 
are you so anxious to make your escape from the 
academic walls?” 

“Pm glad that you want to know. At the first 


li.e. earns the pay of fate. 2 opera. * To charm is capere. 
4 i.e. the holidays. * Latine reddenda. ‘i.e. to pass over other 
things. 7 Follow with substantive ut clause. ®*spes. % Render by 
quinque dies. i.e. though you be without (carere) studies and 
examinations.  spectare. 


98 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


leisure moment,! with two or three others, I am 
going to pitch camp in the mountains. As this is 
the first trip we have made in a year, we expect to 
have a very good time.? We shall hunt and fish to? 
our hearts’ content, though this will not occupy the 
whole time. We shall leave a considerable space for 
eating and drinking. Think of the milk, the cheese, 
the honey, the berries, and other delightful things. 
At night we shall lie on the ground and look at 
the stars, and feel the sleep which is gentle and 
dreamless.” 


CHAPTER XXXV 
CLAUSES WITH POSTQUAM, UBI, UT, SIMUL ATQUE 


Usages to be noted: 


74. Inacomplex sentence the independent clause, 
in point of time, may follow the dependent clause, 
the latter being said in this case to denote antecedent 
action. Such clauses are introduced in English by 
after, when, as soon as, etc., and in Latin mainly by 
postquam, ubi, ut, and simul atque. Thus, postquam aurum 
abstulimus, ad navem conscendimus: after we had cap- 
tured the money, we went on board ship. Qui ut pero- 
ravit, surrexit Clodius: when he had come to the end of 
his speech, wp rose Clodius. The tense in this con- 


1 Render by a cum clause; when I first shall have come to a 
time of leisure. 2 Use sibi bene esse. * Express by dum clause 
of anticipation ; use explere animum. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 99 


struction is usually the perfect (the pluperfect in 
case of a definite interval), and as the relation be- 
tween the clauses in the sentence is a purely tempo- 
ral one, the mode is the indicative. 

75. When the dependent clause denotes a situa- 
tion which continues into the time of the independent 
clause, the imperfect indicative is to be used. Thus 
ubi nemo obvius ibat, ad castra hostium tendunt: 
when no one (as they saw) was coming to meet them, 
they took their way to the camp of the enemy. 


Cf. A. 548, a; B. 287,4; G. 561, 563-564; H. 538, 8, 602; H. &B. 
557-558; L. 1923-1925, 1980. 


Exercise 69 


When Cicero in writing his book thought of his 
famous countrymen, he found that many were happy 
in their old age. There, for example, was Duilius. 
After he won that first victory on the sea, he enjoyed 
lifet immensely. Think of the old man after he 
had dined out, returning home in the evening 
attended by a flute player and a slave carrying a 
waxen torch —surely an amusing spectacle.? Cicero 
himself was not especially fortunate in his last years. 
After he had been at the head of the state as consul, 
he found himself beset by enemies. Among many 
other misfortunes he lost part of his property, and 
when he became old he felt the need of money. 
Moreover, after he had suffered much from troubles 


1Cf. Ex. 68, n. 2. i.e. sight (species). 


100 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


connected with his family,! he was completely? pros- 
trated by the death of his daughter. His own 
death was by no means a fitting one. When he saw 
the soldiers coming, he made no resistance. ‘“ Let us 
look,®” said Solon, “to the last part of a man’s life, 
before we call him happy.” 


Exercise 70 


Let us think for a moment of the distinguished 
man who recently died at an advanced age* after he 
had been twice president of our country. How did 
he spend his last years? In the first place, when 
there was no higher honor for him to achieve,® he 
took up the life of a private citizen of modest means, 
and when this brought him happiness, he enjoyed it 
to the utmost. He was fond of fishing and hunting, 
and as soon as he was free from his official duties,’ 
he spent many leisure hours in this way. Though 
not himself a man of learning, as this term is usually 
understood, he took great pleasure in® the society of 
scholars. On this account, doubtless, when he had 
laid aside the burdens of his high?® office, he estab- 
lished his home in the quiet and beautiful neighbor- 
hood of a well-known American university. Here, 
too, he could observe the life of the younger genera- 
tion!® with its manifold interests. One day a boy of 


1 domesticus. * Omit. * exspectare. ‘ i.e. advanced in age. 
5 Render by relative clause. ® plenissime. 7’ Use munus reipub- 
licae. *i.e. from. % i.e. highest. 1° See Ex, 59, n. 2, p. 84. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 101 


fifteen sent him the present of an inkstand, to whom, 
after receiving it, he wrote the following letter: ‘I 
want! to thank you for the beautiful inkstand, and 
to tell you how much I appreciated your remem- 
brance? of me. I like the inkstand better than any 
I have ever had before; and when you are as old as 
I am, you will know, I am sure, how gratifying it is 
to feel that there are boys and girls who think the 
old are worth? remembering.” 


CHAPTER XXXVI 


CLAUSES WITH ANTEQUAM AND PRIUSQUAM 


Usages to be noted: 


76. A dependent clause, as we have seen (Chap. 
XXXV), may precede in point of time the indepen- 
dent one; there are also clauses which are subsequent 
to the main action. In the sentence, “he did this 
six years before I was born,” the dependent clause in 
its temporal relation follows, and, as it were, looks 
back on the main action. In Latin such clauses are 
introduced by antequam and priusquam. When the 
action of the predicate is regarded as a fact, the verb 
is in the indicative. The tenses employed are the 
present, perfect, and future perfect. Thus omnia 
experiri certum est priusquam pereo: J am resolved to 


1 velim with following infinitive. 2 Express by accusative and 
infinitive. * For the construction see Chap. XX VI, 57. 


102 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


try every thing before I perish. Sex annis antequam 
natus sum fabulam docuit: he brought out a play six 
years before I was born. MNeque promitto quicquam 
priusquam natum videro: [ am making no promise 
until I see my son. 

TT. In these clauses, when the action is not re- 
garded as a fact, but is merely looked forward to or 
anticipated, the subjunctive is required. This usage 
may be illustrated by the sentence we went down town 
before the shops should be closed: descendimus in forum 
antequam tabernae clauderentur. Compare also perve- 
nit priusquam Pompeius sentire posset: he reached his 
destination before Pompey should be able to know of 
his arrival. (¥or this construction see especially the 
references below in B. and in H. & B.) 


Cf. A. 551; B. 291-292; G. 574-577; H. 605; H. & B. 507, 4, a, 
d, n, 650, b, 571; L. 1915-1921. 


Exercise 71 


Before we pass to another topic let us say a few 
words about the teacher. He has always many 
things to do before he can even make a beginning 
of teaching. Think how much knowledge of books! 
and of human nature he has need of before he can 
profitably instruct others. “I will not,” he says to 
himself, “attempt to prepare men? for the duties of 
life,? until I have prepared myself to undertake this 


1 litterae (with reference to their contents). i.e. the young. 
8 i.e. all their duties. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 103 


important task.” And yet, so far as this world’s 
goods are concerned,! he has often not reaped many 
fruits of his toil. In ancient times there were many 
complaints on this account. ‘The teacher,” men? 
said, “is required to have a great variety of knowl- 
edge before he is permitted to teach in the schools; 
he moulds the character of his pupils, and performs 
other most useful functions, and yet at the end of the 
year he receives barely enough to keep? body and 
soul together.*” But the work which the world® 
values most highly, is not always done for money. 
At all events the teacher has other compensations. 


Exercise 72 


Before we go further® let us ask what are some of 
the teacher’s compensations? Is it a small thing’ 
that he shares his knowledge with others, and that, 
like the poet and the painter, he has the opportunity 
of revealing his character to his pupils? The work 
of teaching would thus seem in itself to be a pleasure, 
especially before the teacher’s strength has begun to 
fail. Many even in old age, before they became alto- 
gether mute, as it were, have been active in this pur- 
suit. Consider the case® of Plato and of many 
others. Again, is not the teacher fortunate in the 
society of the young before their minds have become 


li.e. so far as relates to. 2 Omit. % Not the infinitive. 4 Use 
inopiam tolerare. ®*homines. ° longius progredi. 7 Express 
by the genitive of the adjective. ® Omit. 


104 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


mature and they have taken on the ways of manhood ? 
Even old Cato, austere as he was,! thought there was 
nothing finer than to be with young men possessed 
of good natural endowments. We know, too, that 
Cicero, two or three years before Caesar was killed, 
gave lessons? to some of the latter’s officers in the 
art of speaking. “One might think,” he writes to a 
friend, “that I had opened®a school.” In another 
place he remarks that no teacher of the liberal* arts 
ought to be unhappy, however much his strength 
may have waned and failed. 


CHAPTER XXXVII 
CLAUSES WITH DUM, DONEC, QUOAD, QUAMDIU 


Usages to be noted: 


78. When the action of the dependent clause coin- 
cides in time with that of the main clause, and the 
relation between the two is an essentially temporal 
one, Latin employs dum (less frequently donee, 
quoad, quamdiu), while, as long as, with the indica- 
tive. ‘The temporal coincidence of the clauses may 
be virtually complete as in vixit, dum vixit, bene: he 
lived well while (as long as) he lived, and in dum anima 
est, spes esse dicitur: while there is the breath of life, 
there is said to be hope. It is often the case that 
actions of the two clauses are only partially coinci- 


1 i.e, however austere he was. * dGocere. *aperire. * bonus. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 105 


dent in time, one overlapping the other. Thus, hoc 
dum narrat, forte audivi: I chanced to hear it while she 
was telling the story. Dum haec geruntur, nuntiatum 
est: word came while this was going on. In this con- 
struction past time is usually denoted by dum with 
the historical present. 

79. Two actions may be so related that one con- 
tinues up to the other, the latter setting the limit, as 
it were, for the duration of the former. In this 
relation we have the use of dum, wntil, introducing a 
clause up to which the action of the independent 
clause continues. In case this limit is regarded as 
a certainty or a fact, the mode is the indicative. 
Thus, exspectabo dum venit: J will wait till he comes. 
Donec rediit, silentium fuit: there was silence until he 
returned. Ego opperior dum ista cognosco: J am wait- 
ing till I find this out. 


Cf. A. 554-556; B. 293, I, II, III; G. 569-571; H. 603, ii, 1, 604; 
H. & B. 550, n. 2, b, 560, 571; L. 1995-2001, 2006. 


Exercise 73 


Is it not remarkable how colleges and universities 
have flourished in the past few years? As long as 
they were useful to only a small part of the com- 
munity, their influence was not so great. For the 
last half century, however, their training! has been 
more and more highly valued until in most cases it 
is considered indispensable. ‘It helps,” as a father 
said to his son, “while we are young to put* our 


1 Use studia. 2? constituere. 


106 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


lives on sure foundations.” “I did not myself,” he 
went on, “begin this training until I was twenty 
years of age. Besides, I was often in bad health 
while I was carrying on my studies. And yet, until 
I studied literature and philosophy, I never knew 
what life really meant. So, too, in practical affairs 
I learned how to do my part more skilfully. In 
short, if one considers in how many ways it is useful, 
I do not see how he can overvalue the higher educa- 
tion.” The fame of a great university often attracts 
the student to some foreign land. How many have 
heard the great philosophers and scholars in Oxford 
and Paris and Berlin? As long as learning survives, 
the glory of these famous places will also abide. 


Exercise 74 


While the nation has been adding to? its wealth 
and population and territory, new colleges and uni- 
versities have been established. One of the youngest 
of these was founded a few years ago on the western 
coast of our country. Some time before,’ while he 
was travelling in Italy, the founder had lost his only 
son by death. At first he was overwhelmed with 
grief; he could find no consolation until the thought 
came to him—=in the watches of the night,* it is 
said’ — to devote himself to the sons and daughters 
of others, to consider them in fact as® his own. 


1guid multa? i.e. increasing in. *aliquanto ante. 
*i.e. watching through the night. ® Use ferunt. ° pro. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 107 


“The children of California,!”’ he said, “shall be my 
children.” Desiring to bestow on them the greatest 
gift in his power,” he constructed beautiful buildings 
and brought men from all parts of the world to teach 
useful and beautiful things. All this, however, was 
not accomplished until several years had elapsed. 
Finally everything was in readiness, and on a day of 
early® autumn a great audience had taken its place* 
in one end of the long quadrangle. Here under a 
clear sky, with a gentle breeze blowing from the 
low-lying mountains and the ocean beyond, the 
founder’s gift was formally accepted for the benefit® 
of this and all coming generations. Not long after 
the founder himself was dead, but as long as men 
and women walk beneath the red-roofed® colonnades 
he will be held in grateful remembrance. 


CHAPTER XXXVIII 


GENERAL CONDITIONS 


Usages to be noted: 


80. A conditional sentence may take the form of a 
general or (as it has been called) a generalized con- 
dition. In this type the protasis denotes a real or 
imagined recurrence of the action (or state), the 
apodosis being true of each of the repetitions. This 

1 Render by the adjective. i.e. which he could. * Use the 


present participle of inire. *considere. ® Omit. ‘i.e. of red 
tiles. 


108 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


may be illustrated by the sentence, “ Whenever he 
comes into the shop, he buys something,” or ‘* Whoever 
comes into the shop buys something.” The protasis 
“‘whenever he comes,” or “ whoever comes,” repre- 
sents the coming as a series of recurring acts, of each 
of which the apodosis holds good. In Latin such sen- 
tences are introduced by cum, quotiens, si, ubi, ut primum, 
etc., or by a compound relative pronoun. When the 
introductory word is a relative of some kind (as it 
usually is), the latter is used indefinitely, and this 
gives to the clause an essentially conditional char- 
acter. 

The general conditions illustrated in this section are 
conditions of fact relating to the present time. It is 
important to observe the tenses, the perfect being the 
rule in the protasis and the present in the apodosis. 
As to the mode, use the indicative in both clauses, 
though the subjunctive is occasionally found in 
Cicero and later became common. Thus, si quis eorum 
decreto non stetit, sacrificiis interdicunt, if any one does 
not conform to their decree, they exclude him from the 
sacrifices. Ager cum multos annos quievit, uberiores 
efferre fruges solet: when a field lies fallow for many 
years, tt usually produces a heavier crop. Quocumque 
circumtuli oculos, plena omnia video animorum ac roboris: 
wherever (i.e. if anywhere) I turn my eyes I see all 
about me full of courage and strength. 

It is also to be noted that in these conditions the 
action (or state) of the protasis is antecedent to that 
of the apodosis. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 109 


Cf. A. 518; B. 302, 3; G. 567; H.578; H. & B. 579; L. 1613, 2034, 
2050. 


Exercise 75 


Whoever learns much about the history of the 
world,! hears a great deal about war. ‘This begins, 
it can almost be said, when the pupil first goes to 
school. If, for example, he takes up the study? of 
Latin,® he hears from the first about swords, spears, 
and other weapons. “Translate,” says the teacher, 
‘the following sentence: the soldier killed the queen 
with a sword,” adding, “how delightful it will be 
when we can read of the campaigns which the famous 
Julius Caesar carried on in Gaul and other parts of 
the world!” So, too, when the pupil becomes ac- 
quainted somewhat with the history of his own 
country, he learns how bravely his ancestors fought 
against their enemies. In fact, whenever he opens a 
book, whether by an ancient or modern author, he 
finds something on this subject. It is true that men 
have been much engaged inwar. Indeed, some wars 
have been among their most glorious achievements. 
But shall we not keep in mind the other great things 
which they have accomplished? When the soldier 
returns from battle laden with spoil, and the hus- 
bandman from his daily toil browned* by the sun, 
which is worthy of the greater honor ? 


1See Ex. 50, n. 4. 2i,e. has begun to study. * Use litterae 
Latinae. ‘* coloratus. 


110 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


Exercise 76 


When present-day! evils are considered, it can easily 
be seen that one of the greatest of them is war. As 
soon as a state has soldiers and ships, it has also very 
heavy burdens. Think how many thousand of its 
citizens are withdrawn from useful labor and at how 
great cost they are supported by those who remain 
at home. In fact, whatever the country produces, 
whether in products of the soil? or in human beings,® 
is drawn upon for war. If the former are lacking in 
abundance, the scarcity can be borne, but how shall a 
nation bear the losst of so many human lives, and 
those, too, of the strong? For in every war, as a wise 
man saw long ago, it is the best that are destroyed. 
And to what end? Is it not that nations may satisfy 
their love of conquest ?° When the country has to 
be defended, soldiers, of course, are necessary. But 
this danger is often exaggerated® even under our 
present circumstances, while if there were no war, 
no one’s country would be assailed. And so men 
are becoming more and more advocates of peace. 
“ Let the soldier,” they say, “lay aside his arms and 
till the soil, and let the officer also devote himself to 
the useful pursuits of peace.” ‘ When the Romans,” 
wrote their great historian, “ make a desert, they call 


1 The demonstrative of the first person is sufficient. ? fruges. 
Shomines. ‘ pernicies. ‘i.e. of conquering. “i.e. is made 
greater than the truth. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 111 


it peace.” Notable also is the! saying of one of our 
own wise men, “As for war, I call it murder.” 


CHAPTER XXXIX 


GENERAL CONDITIONS — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


81. In this section are illustrated general condi- 
tions of fact relating to past time. In respect to the 
tense, the pluperfect is required in the protasis and 
the imperfect in the indicative. Thus, si quicquam 
caelati adspexerat manus abstinere non poterat: if he 
caught sight of a piece of chased work, he could not keep 
his hands off. Otherwise what is said of present 
general conditions applies here also. See the gram- 
matical references in Chapter XX XVIII. 


Exercise 77 


When a Roman historian composed his work,? he 
dealt for the most part with war and politics.2 What 
related to the common people as such* and to the 
daily business of their lives,’ he regarded as of very 
little importance. If he thought about them at all, 
he was wont to look down on them with contempt.® 
The attitude of other literary men toward’ the lower 


1 Render here by ille. * opus. *% Use res publica. ‘ ipse. 
5 business of life in this sense is usus. ® Omit. 7 erga. 


112 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


classes was much the same; compare the “unteach- 
able crowd!” of Horace and similar expressions? in 
other authors. The result is that we have much less 
knowledge of the mass of the people than one could 
wish. And yet there is much that can be known. 
For example, how much pleasure they took in? the 
common things of life. How they loved the very 
soil of their country, and what homesickness they 
suffered when they were in other lands! They had 
affection even for the ox with his “sea-deep eyes,” 
and for the much-enduring donkey — “the ancient 
patience,” as a modern poet calls him. And when 
men died, it was sad because they were deprived 
of the light of the sun. 


Exercise 78 


“When the aged* Cato looked back on his life,” 
said a teacher of Latin to one of his class, ‘*‘ how did 
it seem to him?” 

“Tf he actually felt what Cicero puts into his 
mouth,” answered the latter, “he must have found 
life rather unsatisfactory. He says he did not 
regret haying lived, but after all what was the 
use ?7” 


lyulgus. *dicta. *i.e. from. *senex. 5 must have em- 
phasizes the certainty of the statement ; render by an asseverative 
particle meaning surely, certainly, and the like. ®%non ex 
sententia or non idoneus. ‘i.e. what (of) advantage had 
life? 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 113 


“ Have you any idea! of the cause of Cato’s sad- 
ness?” 

“Perhaps it was due in great part to the hard- 
ships of his own life. When he thought of what he 
had endured in his long career, it may have made 
him feel that life was hardly worth while. He had 
also lost his only son, a misfortune which he could 
never bear with resignation.” 

“Tt seems also to be true that a certain sadness 
was characteristic of ancient life. Was it not the 
fortunate and beautiful Sophocles who said that the 
best thing was never to have been born? Did Cato 
believe in the life to come??” 

“Yes, he thought the soul was immortal. When 
men died, he thought, they were setting out to a better 
world. This world is not our home, but an inn 
wherein we tarry fora while. He had whatever con- 
solation there was in this belief.” 

“Do you remember Cato’s main argument for im- 
mortality?” 

“Tt was the fact that when we are children we 
learn difficult subjects* very easily. ‘This is proof,’ 
he says, ‘that we knew these things before we were 
born.’ The argument is really Plato’s.” 

A poet has also expressed it in splendid® verse. 
“ We come,” he says, “trailing clouds of glory.” 


1 Use suspicio ; render what follows by an indirect question. 
2 i.e. that the soul will live. * Omit; the idea is expressed in the 
neuter plural of the preceding adjective. ‘artes. 5 See Ex. 67. 
n. 6. 


114 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


CHAPTER XL 


GENERAL CONDITIONS — Continued 


Usages to be noted: 


82. A general condition relating to the future is 
not distinguished in form from a particular one. 
The tense may be the future in both clauses, but 
where the action of the protasis is antecedent to that 
of the apodosis the rule is to have the future per- 
fect in the protasis, and the future in the apodosis. 
These conditions are often introduced by relatives 
with indefinitive and therefore conditional force. 
Thus, quicquid (= si quid) feceris, adprobabo: what- 
ever you do (that is, 7f you do anything), I will ap- 
prove. Quisquis huc venerit, vapulabit: whoever comes 
here will be beaten. 

For the general character of conditions of this type 
see what is said in Chapter XX XVIII, 80. 


Cf. A. 519; G. 567; L. 1626. 


Exercise 79 


Whoever has had experience of the world! will 
realize what effort the life? of a community involves® 
— “what toil of men, what sweat of horses,” to use 
the words of a Roman poet. This toil the individual, 
having* his own part to play as a member of society, 


lres. 2 Omit. *%habere; note this use of the word. ‘4 Ren- 
der by a causal relative clause. 


LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 115 


cannot escape, even if he so desires; indeed, what- 
ever changes may take place,! he will doubtless con- 
tinue to perform tasks which life itself demands. 
And yet are not many of these too burdensome in 
proportion to their reward? Consider, for example, 
how much labor in many cases? is required to obtain 
even the bare® necessities of life. 

Again, if any one will take the trouble to inquire,* 
he will find that it makes a great difference what 
attitude® a man. has toward his work, whether the 
latter be heavy or light. Whatever falls to his lot, 
if he be wise, he will do to the best of his ability.® 
And is there not one task which falls to the lot of 
every one, namely,’ to make the world® better? If 
any one fails in this respect, has he not really lived 
in vain ? 

How pleasant it is to look back on labors that are 
ended. ‘The best physician for accomplished toil,” 
says the Greek poet, “is a season of good cheer.” 


Exercise 80 


As we are now at® the end of our book, it is fitting 
to say a few words about taking leave. Whoever 
feels regret” in this particular case,! will doubtless 
bear it with resignation. Aside from this! every one 


lie. whatever shall be changed. i.e. in the case of many; 
express by dative of reference emphatically placed. * Omit. 4 Not 
the infinitive. ®i.e. how he has himself toward, etc. ® See Ex. 
6,n.6, p.8. Tie. Tmean. ® Render by omnia. %sub. 1 Use 
paenitere. 'ipse. 1! Omit. 1% i.e. to pass over this. 


116 LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION 


at some time in his life has occasion to say good-by. 
He himself takes his departure or sees others setting 
out to distant places. The separation may be only 
for a short time, but if anything happens to make 
it longer, he should not be too much disappointed. 
Saddest of all perhaps is to say good-by to our 
nourishing mother, as we affectionately call her. 
How many good things of life in the way of knowl- 
edge and teaching and friendship we have received 
from her bountiful hands! Wherever we go and 
whatever we do, we shall not forget her? nor her 
precepts, and whenever we may we will return to 
her sacred walls, if only for a day. But passing 
over this, there are some by whom the word farewell 
can scarcely be spoken. 


1 spe falli. 2% See Chap. III, 7. 


VOCABULARY 


[Norr. — The sign + denotes that the word is not given in Lodge’s Vocabulary 
of High School Latin. The abbreviation Cic, indicates that the word is never- 


theless used by Cicero.] 

A 
a, an, not translated unless 
having special emphasis ; 


(meaning one as opposed to 
a larger number), unus; 
(=svuch), is; (=a certain 
one), quidam; (in distributive 
sense), singuli. 

abide, manere. 

ability (natural), indoles. (+ Cic.) 

able (be), posse. 

about, adv., fere; circiter with 
numbers; sub with general ex- 
pressions. 

about, prep., de with abl. in sense 
of concerning; circa with acc. 
when used of place. 

abroad, peregre. 

abroad (be), peregrinari. 

absence (in his), render by pron. 
with absens in abl. abs. 

absent, absens. 

absent (be), abesse. 

absolutely, prorsus. 

absurd, absurdus. 

abundance, copia. 

abundant, copiosus. 

academic, academicus. (+ Cic.) 

accept, accipere. 

accomplish, consequi, conficere, 
efficere, facere. 

accordingly, itaque, quam obrem. 

account, ratio, -onis, F. 
a small account, ratiuncula. 
(+ Cic.) 





on account of, expressed by 
abl., propter with acc. 
on that account, propterea, 
idcirco. 
on this account, quam ob 
rem, propter eam causam. 
accustomed (be), solere, con- 
suescere, 
achieve, assequi, consequi, adi- 
pisci (the last implying effort). 
achievement, res gestae. 
acquaintance, notus, familiaris. 
acquainted (become), cog- 
noscere. 
acquire, see obtain. 
act, n. (of an official body), actum ; 
(of a play), actus. 
act, v. (of a part on the stage), 
agere; (throughout the play), 
peragere. 
action (= deed), factum, facinus. 
active, acer. 
actor, histrio. (+ Cic.) 
actually, re vera, ultro. 
add (= say), render by inquam. 
address, v., alloqui; (of a letter 
or package), inscribere ; (of apub- 
lic speaker), orationem habere. 
address, n., oratio. 
admirable, admirabilis. (+ Cic.) 
admire, admirari. 
adorn, ornare. 
adorned, ornatus. 
advanced (be) (in years), pro- 
vehi. 


117 


118 


advantage, commodum, utilitas, 
res. 
be for advantage of the com- 
monwealth, esse e re publica. 
have the advantage, prae- 
stare. 
adversary,adversarius. (+ Cic.) 
adversity, res adversae. 
advice, consilium. 
advise, monere, hortari, suadere. 
advocate, n. (in legal sense), ad- 
vocatus (+Cic.), patronus 
(+ Cic.), the latter being a 
pleader before the jury. 
be an advocate of, auctor 
esse. 
affability, comitas. (+ Cic.) 
affairs (active), res gerendae. 
affection, amor. 
have affection for, amare, 
deligere. 
affectionately (of filial affec- 
tion), pie. (+ Cic.) 
afford, render by posse. 
afraid (be), timere, metuere. 
Afric, Africus. 
after, adv. (of time), post. 
after, prep., expressed by abl. of 
manner, post with acc. 
after all, tamen. 
after, conj., postquam, postea- 
quam, cum, ubi. 
afterwards, postea, post, deinde. 
again, iam, autem, iterum, rur- 
sus. 
against, a, ab with abl.; contra 
with ace. 
age (a time of life), aetas. 
advanced age, senectus. 
of one’s Own age, aequalis. 
aged, senex. 





VOCABULARY 


agent, procurator. (+ Cic.) 
aggressive, vehemens. 
ago, abhinc. 
agree, consentire. 
aid, n., auxilium, subsidium. 
aid, v., subvenire. 
aim, n., consilium. 
alarm, clamor. 
alarmed (be), extimescere. 
alas, heu, hem. (+ Cic.) 
Alexandria, Alexandrea. 
all, omnis, cunctus, totus, univer- 
sus. 
all in the world, omnino 
omnis. 
at all, omnino. 
above all, primum omnium, 
maxime. 
allow, pati. 
allowance, demensum. (+). 
allurement, inlecebra. 
almost, fere, paene. 
alone, unus. 
along, secundum with acc. 
already, iam. 
also, etiam, quoque. 
altogether, omnino. 
always, semper. 
American, Americanus. 
among, inter with acc.; apud 
with acc.; in with abl. 
amount (of money), pecuniae 
summa (+ Cic.), numerus. 
amuse (i.e. enjoy) one’s self, 
lepide esse. 
ancestors, maiores. 
anchovy, render by pisciculus. 
(+ Cic.) 
ancient, antiquus, vetus. 
ancient life, antiquitas. 
and, et, atque (ac), -que. 


VOCABULARY 


and never, neque umquam. 
and no one, neque quisquam. 
and so, itaque, igitur. 
and so on, et cetera. 
and that-not, neve (neu). 
and that too, idque. 
and yet, atqui, ac tamen. 
anger, ira. 
angered, iratus. 
angry (be), irasci, suscensere. 
another, alius; (where two are in- 
volved), alter. 
with one another, inter se. 
answer, respondere. 
anticipate, occupare. 
Antigone, Antigona, or Antigone. 
anxiety, cura, sollicitudo, F. 
anxious, anxius. (+ Cic.) 
anxious (i.e. eager) (be), cupere. 
anxious (be), angi. 
any, aliquis ;quis (after ne, num, si) ; 
quisquam (see Chap. V); ullus. 
any longer (not), non iam. 
any one, quisquam, ullus (any one 
at all); quivis, quilibet (any one 
you please). 
anything, aliquid, 
quidvis, quidlibet. 
apiece, singuli. 
appear, se ostendere, emergere; 
(in court), adesse. 
appearance, species, aspectus. 
Appian way, via Appia. 
applause, clamor. 


quicquam, 


apple, pomum. (+ Cic.) 
apple orchard, pomarium. 
(+ Cic.) 


appointed (of time), dictus. 
appraise, aestimare. 
appreciate, aestimare. 
approval, laus. 





119 


argument, argumentum. 
arise, consurgere. 
arise from, nati. 
arm, bracchium. 
arms (= weapons), arma. 
arouse, suscitare; (from sleep), 
expergefacere. (+ Cic.) 
arrive, advenire, pervenire. 
art (of speaking), ars. 
as, adv., often omitted with appos- 
itives; rendered by final dat. ; 
pro with abl.; as rel. adv., ut. 
as... a8,tam... quam. 
as far as, quod, quantum. 
as...if, sic ... quasi. 
as it were, quasi. 
as follows, ille (pointing for- 
ward). 
as possible, quam with super- 
lative and required form of 
posse. 
@s...80, ita... ut. 
as soon as, simul atque (ac), 
ut primum, ubi, cum, post- 
quam. 
as for, de with abl., quod... 
attinet. 
as well as, et... et. 
as, conj., cum, quoniam. 
Asia, Asia. 
ask, rogare, interrogare, quaerere. 
ask (for), postulare. 
asleep (be), dormire. 
assail, adoriri, oppugnare. 
assistance, auxilium, subsidium. 
associated, coniunctus. 
association, societas. 
at, expressed by loc. ; in with abl.; 
apud with acc.; ad with acc.; sub 
with acc. (where at = just before 
or after). 


120 


Athenian, Atheniensis. 
Athens, Athenae. 

people of Athens, Athenienses. 
athlete, athleta. (+ Cic.) 


attack, n. (of a critic), obtrectatio. 


(+ Cic.) 

attack, v., adoriri, oppugnare. 

attain, assequi, consequi, adipisci. 

attempt, v., conari; implied in 
pres. part. 

attend, interesse, adesse, spectare 
(the last as spectator); (to accom- 
pany), comitari. 

attention (give), operam dare. 

Atticus, Atticus. 

attitude, voluntas. 

attract, allicere. 

audience, consessus. 

August, Sextilis (sc. mensis). 

austere, severus. 

author, scriptor. 

authority, potestas, auctoritas. 

autumn, autumnus. 

avail (one’s self of), uti. 

avoid, vitare, fugere. 

await, manere. 

away (far), procul. 

awhile (for), parumper. 


B 


bad, malus. 
badly, male. 
be badly off, male esse (use 
impersonally with the subj. in 
the dat.). 
bag, saccus. (+ Cic). 
bake-shop, pistrina. (+) 
balance (of money), reliquum or 
reliqua. 
ball, pila. 
ball game, pila trigonalis. (+) 





VOCABULARY 


play ball, pila ludere. 
banker, argentarius. (+ Cic.) 
banquet, epulae, convivium. 
barber-shop, tonstrina. (+) 
bare, nudus. 
barely, vix. 
battle, proelium, pugna. 
B.C., ante Christum. 
be, esse. 
bear, ferre, pati. 
beard (of grain), arista. (+ Cic.) 
beautiful, pulcher; amoenus (of 
nature). 
beauty, pulchritudo (+ Cic.), 
amoenitas. (+ Cic.) 
because, quod, quia; in negative 
clauses, quo. 
become, fieri. 
become acquainted with, 
cognoscere. 
become discontented, render 
by paenitere. 
bed, lectulus. 
before, adv., ante, antea. 
before, prep., ante with acc.; 
apud with acc. 
before, conj., antequam, prius- 
quam. (See Chap. XXXVI.) 
begin, incipere; coepisse. 
beginning, initium. 
in the beginning, in principio. 
behave, gerere with reflexive. 
belabor, render by verberare. 
belief, opinio, fides. 
believe, credere. 
beloved, dilectus, carus. 
beneath (of space), sub with the 
abl. or (when motion is implied) 
the ace. 
beneficial (be), prodesse, saluta- 
ris (+ Cic.) esse. 


VOCABULARY 


Berlin, Berolinum. 
berry, baca. 
beset, circumvenire. | 
besides, praeterea, autem. 
best, optimus; (of effort), omnis. 
bestow, conferre, dare. 
betake, conferre with reflexive. 
betrayal, proditio. 
better, melior. 
be better off, meliore condici- 
one esse. ) 
between, inter with acc. 
beyond, adv., ultra. 
bid, iubere. 
big, magnus. 
birth, natus. 
birthday, natalis (sc. dies). 
birthright, render by ius. 
bitter, acerbus, tristis. 
very bitter, peracerbus. 
(+ Cic.) 
blade, herba. 
green growing blade, viridi- 
tas herbescens. (+ Cic.) 
blame, n., vituperatio, culpa. 
blame, v., culpare, vituperare. 
blessed, beatus. 5 
blessing, bonum, commodum. 
blind (the eyes), praestringere. 
(+ Cic.) 
block, v., obstruere. 
blow, flare, adflare. 
boast, v., gloriari. 
boat, linter. 
boatman, nauta. 
bodily, render by gen. of corpus. 
body, corpus; (an assembly), 
ordo. 
book, liber; (= accounts), tab- 
ulae. 
born (be), nati. 





121 
borrow (of money), mutuari 
(+ Cic.); sumere; pecunias 


mutuas sumere. 
both, uterque; ambo. 
both ...and,et... et. 
bountiful, abundans. (+ Cic.) 
boy, puer, adulescens. 
boyhood, pueritia. 
brave, fortis, ferox. 
bravely, fortiter, ferociter. 
bread, panis. (+ Cic.) 
break, frangere. 
break down (of an actor), cor- 
ruere. 
break out (of a fire), prorum- 
pere. 
breakfast, ientaculum (+); pran- 
dium (+ Cic.) (alate breakfast 
or luncheon); use the latter. 
at the breakfast table, ex- 
pressed by participle of pran- 
dere (+ Cic.), apud prandentes, 
in prandio. 
autocrat at the breakfast 
table, dominus apud pran- 
dentes. 
breathless, exanimatus. 
breeze, ventus. 
bright, clarus. 
bring, adferre, portare; (cause to 
come), arcessere. 
bring to trial, in iudicium ad- 
ducere. 
bring up, educare. 
bring back, reducere. 
bring on stage, inducere. 
broad, latus. 
bronze, aes. 
browned, coloratus. (+ Cic.) 
Brundisium, Brundisium. 
bud, gemma. 


122 


build, aedificare. 

building, aedificium. 
building lot, area. (+ Cic.) 

bulletin board, album. 

burden, v., onerare. 

burden, n., onus. 

burdensome, gravis. 

burn (be on fire), ardere. 

burst (in on one), irrumpere in 
aliquem. 

bury, obruere. 

business, negotium; (= affairs), 
res; as function or duty, munus; 
expressed by poss. pron. and 
pred. gen. 

busy, operosus (+ Cic.), aliquid 
agens. 

but, sed, autem, at, vero. 

buy, emere. 
buy cheaply, bene emere. 
buy dearly, male emere. 

by (denoting agency), a, ab with 

abl.; per with acc. 

by chance, casu. 
by no means, minime. 
by the way, heus tu. 


Cc 


California, California. 
of California, Californicus, Cal- 
iforniensis. 
call (i.e. name or characterize), 
appellare, nominare, vocare. 
call for, postulare, poscere. 
call on, convenire. 
calling, quaestus. 
Cambridge, Cantabrigia. 
camp, castra. 
campaign, bellum. 
can, posse. 
captain of ship, magister navis. 





VOCABULARY 


card, tessera. (-+ Cic.) 
care, v., cura, diligentia. 
care (for), v., curare, studere. 
care a fig, fici (+ Cic.) facere. 
care a straw, flocci (+ Cic.) 
facere. 
care little, parvi facere. 
care that, huius facere. 
career, cursus. 
carefully planned (of discourse), 
compositus. 
carriage, raeda. 
carry,  ferre, 
nere. 
carry on campaigns, bella 
gerere. 
carry on conversation, ser- 
monem adhibere. 
carry on studies, render by 
studia exercere. 
carry out, efferre. 
carry out part, partes agere. 
case (in court), causa; (=Cir- 
cumstances), res. 
be the case, fieri, accidere, ita 
esse, res ita se habere. 
in case of, sometimes expressed 
by dat. of ref. 
plead cases, causas agere. 
catch, deprehendere. 
catch fire, ignem concipere. 
catch hold of, amplecti. 
Cato, Cato. 
cattle, pecus. 
cause, causa. 
cease, desinere. 
celebrate, celebrare. 


portare, susti- 


celebrated, clarus; expressed 
also by ille. 
cent, libella. (+ Cic.) 


century, saeculum. 


VOCABULARY 


Cephalus, Cephalus. 

certain, quidam. 

certainly (expressing assent), 
certo, omnino, maxime. 

certainty (with), pro certo. 

chain, vinculum. 

chance, v., render by forte and 
the following verb. 

chance (by), forte. 

change, mutare. 

chapter, caput. 

character, ingenium, mores; (= 
kind), genus; (on the stage) per- 
sona. 

characteristic, proprius; 
pressed by pred. gen. 

charm, lepor. (+ Cic.) 

cheap, vilis (see under buy and 
sell). 

check (hold in), prohibere, cohi- 
bere. 

cheer (good), render by hilaritas. 
(+ Cic.) 

cheerful, laetus. 

cheerfully, laete. 

cheese, caseus. (+ Cic.) 

chief, maximum. 

children, pueri, liberi. 

choose, eligere. 

Cicero, Cicero. 

circumstances, res. 

citizen, civis. 

city, urbs. 

civilization, mores. 

civilized, moratus. 

class (of society), 
school), classis. 

Clodius, Clodius. 

clean, v., purgare. 

clean, adj., purus. 

clear (of the sky), serenus. 


eX- 


(+ Cic.) 


genus; (in 





123 


clearly, dilucide. 

clerk, scriba, M. 

clever, acutus. 

close at hand (be), urgere. 

clothing, vestitus. 

cloud, nubes. 

club, sodalitas (+Cic.); (=cud- 
gel), fustis. (+ Cic.) 

cluster, uva. (+ Cic.) 

coast, litus, ora. 

coin, nummi. 

cold, frigus. 

a bad cold, gravedo. (+ Cic.) 
college, adj.,academicus. (+ Cic.) 
college, academia. (+ Cic.) 

college education, doctrina 

academica. 

college life, res academicae. 
colonnade, porticus. 
come, venire, advenire, pervenire, 

proficisci, accedere ; in exhorta- 
tions, age, agite, which may be 
strengthened. by dum as enclitic. 

come about, evenire, accidere, 
fieri. 

come away, venire de with abl. 

come back, redire. 

come close to, appropinquare. 

come in contact with, contin- 

gere. 

come on (overtake), opprimere. 

come out, evadere, evenire; (of 

a bud), exsistere. 

come to manhood, pubescere. 

come to maturity, adolescere. 

come tothe rescue,opem ferre, 
comfortable, commodus. 
comfortably, commode. 
coming, futurus. 

coming generations, posteri, 

posteritas. 


(+ Cic.) 
(+ Cic.) 


124 


commit (to memory), memoriae 
mandare. 
common, communis, cotidianus. 
commonwealth, respublica. 
community, populus, vita civilis. 
company, coetus, cohors. 
compare, conferre. 
comparison (in), prae with abl. 
compel, cogere. 
compensation (reward), prae- 
mium, donum, munus. 
complain, queri. 
complaint, querela. 
complete, conficere, perficere, 
exigere. 
compose, facere, scribere, com- 
ponere. 
composition, confectio. (+ Cic.) 
Latin composition, Latine red- 
denda. 
literary composition, scriptio 
(+ Cic.) et litterae. 
compulsion, necessitas. 
comrade, sodalis, socius. 
concern, n., cura, sollicitudo. 
concern, v., interesse, pertinere 
with ad and acc. 
conduct, mores. 
confess (concede in argument), 
concedere. 
confidence, fides, fiducia. 
confine, includere. 
conflagration, incendium. 
conflict, certamen, pugna, proe- 
lium. 
confusion, turba, tumultus. 
be in confusion, perturbari. 
congratulate, gratulari. 
congratulation, gratulatio. 
congregate, congregari. 
conquer, vincere, superare. 





VOCABULARY 


consciousness, conscientia. 

consent, voluntas. 

consider (reflect upon), cogitare, 
agitare mente; (regard as), 
habere, ducere; (take account 
of), respicere, rationem habere. 

considerable, aliquantus, satis 
magnus. 

consideration, causa. 

consist (in), vender by teneri with 
abl. 

consolation, consolatio. 

console, consolari. 

constant, assiduus. 

constantly, assidue. 

construct, construere (+ Cic.), 
exstruere, facere. 

consul, consul. 

consult, consulere. 

consume, consumere, absumere. 

contain, capere, habere, inesse 
with in and abl. 

content, contentus. 

contest, v., certare. 

contest, n., certamen. 

continue, pergere. 

contrary (on the), contra, sed, 
autem. 

contrary to, praeter with acc. 

convenient, render by commodus. 

conversation, sermo. 

conviction, sententia. 

convince, persuadere. 

copy, 7., exemplar. (+ Cic.) 
copy out, exscribere. (+ Cic.) 

corn, frumentum. 

correct (be) (of counted money), 
convenire. 

cost, pretium. 

counsel, consilium. 

count, enumerare. 


VOCABULARY 


count as gain, in lucro ponere. 
counted (valued), aestimatus. 
country, rus, ager; (with respect 
to inhabitants), gens. 
native country, patria. 
countryman, popularis. 
couple (a), render by bini. 
courage, virtus. 
course (for races), stadium 
(+ Cic.), curriculum. (+ Cic.) 
over the course, per stadium, 
per curriculum. 
court, iudicium, quaestio. 
in court, apud iudices. 
to court, ad iudices. 
cover, operiri. 
credible, credibilis. 
creditor, creditor, is cui debeas. 
creep, irrepere. 
crime, scelus. 
crops, fruges. 
cross, transire. 
crowd, vulgus. 
cruel, crudelis. 
cry (call out), clamare; (weep), 
flere. 
cultivate, colere. . 
cultivation, cultura; (of soil), ag- 
ricultura. 
cup, poculum. 
cure, sanare. 
curse, pestis. 


D 


daily, adj., cotidianus. 
daily, adv., cotidie, in dies. 
dainty, minutus. 
damage, iniuria. 
danger, periculum. 
daughter, filia. 
dauntless, fortis, 
metu) carens. 


timore (or 





125 


day, dies. 

day after to-morrow, peren- 
die. 

of to-day, hodiernus. 

the day before, pridie. 

the day before yesterday, 
nudius tertius. 

daylight, prima lux. 

dead, mortuus. 

deal (with a subject), esse with 
de and abdl.; tractare. 

a great deal, expressed by 
magna vis, copia, aliquantum, 
permultum. 

have dealings with one, cum 
aliquo negotium esse (with 
subj. in dat.). 

dear, carus. 

dearly. See buy dearly. 

death, mors. 

debt, debitum, aes alienum. 

deceive, decipere, fallere. 

defend, defendere. 

defendant, reus. 

deficient (be), deesse, deficere. 

delay, n., mora. 

delay, v., morari. 

delight, n., delectatio, oblecta- 
mentum. (+ Cic.) 

delight, v., delectare, oblectare. 

delightful, iucundus, gratus. 

deliver, tradere. 

demand, postulare. 

denarius, denarius. (+ Cic.) 

departure, discessus, profectio. 
take departure, decedere, 

proficisci. 

depend (on something), omnia in 
aliquo esse. 

deposit, deponere. 

receive on deposit, in accep- 
tum referre. 


126 


deprive, privare, eripere. 
desert, sclitudo. 
deserve, dignus esse. 
desirable, bonus, 
(+ Cic.) 
desire, v., cupere (of eager desire) ; 
optare (of what is unattainable 
by the subject himself); desi- 
derare (of something felt to be 
lacking); velle (usually of what 
the subject wills to attain). 
desire, n., cupiditas, desiderium. 
heart’s desire, desiderium. 
despatch, v., mittere. 
desperately (of love), misere. 
destroy, delere, destruere, per- 
dere. 
destruction, exitium, interitus. 
destructive, perniciosus, pesti- 
fer. (+ Cic.) 
deter, deterrere, impedire. 
determined (be), certum esse, 
with dat. of subj. 
devote (one’s self), dedere with 
reflexive; studere; (one’s ef- 
forts), operam dare, id agere, 
followed by ut-clause. 
devotion, pietas. 
die, mori. 
different, alius, diversus. 
difficult, difficilis. 
difficulty, negotium. 
with difficulty, vix, aegre. 
dignity, gravitas. 
diligently, diligenter. 
diminish, minuere. 
dine, cenare. (+ Cic.) 
dinner, cena. 
at the dinner table, in con- 
vivio, apud cenantes; often ex- 
pressed by participle alone. 
dinner party, convivium. 


optabilis. 





VOCABULARY 


direct, iubere, imperare, praeci- 
pere. 
direction, moderatio. 
disagreeable, molestus. 
disappoint, praeter spem evenire. 
be disappointed, spe falli. 
disaster, calamitas. 
discontent, render by molestiae. 
(+ Cic.) 
discontented (be), paenitere. 
discourse (= essay), render by 
libellus or simply aliquid. 
discuss, disputare. 
disembark, e nave escendere. 
dishevelled (of the hair), passus. 
dislike, nolle. 
disorder, tumultus. 
disreputable, flagitiosus, turpis. 
dissatisfied (be), paenitere, tae- 
dere. 
distant, longinquus. 
be distant, abesse. 
distasteful (be), taedere; odio- 
sus (+ Cic.) esse. 
distinction, laus. 
distinguished, praestans. 
distress, dolor. 
in distress, sollicitus, miser. 


ditching, fossio. (+ Cic.) 
divorce, discidium (+ Cic.), 
divortium. (+ Cic.) 


do, unexpressed as auxiliary; 
agere, facere, gerere. 
do a favor, gratissimum facere. 
do a part, officio fungi. 
do honor, honorare, honorem 
conferre. 
do work, laborare. 
do wrong, peccare. 
doctor (of medicine), medicus. 
(+ Cic.) 
dog, canis. 


VOCABULARY 


dollar, render by centussis. 
domestic, intestinus. 
donkey, asellus. (-+ Cic.) 
door, ianua. 

doorway, porta. 

doubt, v., dubitare. 
doubtless, omnino. 


(+) 


dowerless, indotatus (+ Cic.), 
sine dote. 
dowry,dos. (+ Cic.) 


drachma, drachma. 
draw, trahere. 

draw upon, tollere. 
drawback, vitium. 
dream, n., somnium. 
dreamless, sine somniis. 
drink, n., potio. (+ Cic.) 
drink, v., bibere. 

drink in, arripere. 
due (be), deberi. 
Duilius, Duilius. 
dumb (be), obmutescere. 
during, per. 
duty, officium, munus. 
dwell, habitare. 


(+ Cic.) 


E 


each, quisque, (see Chap. V, 12); 
singuli, (each, one by one). 
eager, cupidus. 
ear (of corn), spicum. (-+ Cic.) 
earlier, prior. 
early, render by pres. part.of inire. 
earn merere. 
earn pay, stipendium merere. 
earth, terra. 
earthquake, motus terrae. 
easily, facile. 
easy, facilis. 
eat, edere. 
education, doctrina. 





127 


effort, opera. 
egg, ovum. 
Egypt, Aegyptus. 
eight, octo. 
eighteen, duodeviginti. 
eighteenth, duodevicesimus. 
eighty, octoginta. 
elapse, intercedere, interesse. 
elders, maiores. 
eloquence, eloquentia. 
eloquent, disertus. (+ Cic.) 
else, alius. 
embarrassed (be), render by 
pudere. 
employ, adhibere, uti. 
enable, facere ut. 
encourage, hortari. 
end, n., finis, terminus. 
end of, extremus in agreement 
with following substantive. 
in the end, denique. 
end, v. (bring to an end), perficere. 
endowed, praeditus. 
endowment (natural), indoles. 
(+ Cie.) 
endurance, patientia. 
endure, pati. 
enduring, perennis. (+ Cic.) 
much enduring, patiens. 
enemy, inimicus, hostis. 
energetic, acer. 
engaged (be), versari, occupatus 
esse. 
England, Anglia. 
English, Anglicus. 
enjoy, gaudere; (make the most 
of), frui; (avail one’s self of), 
uti. 
enjoy one’s self, bene (or pul- 
chre) esse with subj. in dat.; 
oblectare with reflexive. 


128 


enjoyable, iucundus, gratus. 

Ennius, Ennius. 

enough, satis, tantum. 

enter, intrare. 
enter on, ingredi. 

enthusiasm, studium. 

enthusiastic (be), render by max- 
ime admirari. 

equal, aequus, aequalis. 

equally, aeque. 

escape, effugere. 

especially, prdesertim, maxime. 
not especially, non (haud) ita. 

establish, condere, constituere. 
be long established, inve- 

terascere. 

esteem, aestimare, facere, with 
gen. of indef. value. 

Europe, Europa. 

even, etiam, vel. 
not...even,ne. .. quidem. 

evening, vesper. 
in the evening, vesperi. 

evenness (of disposition), aequa- 
litas. (+ Cic.) 

event, res (= contest) certamen. 
at all events, certe. 

ever (in conditional clauses), 
quando ; (after negatives and 
comparatives), umquam. 

every, omnis, nullus non. 

every body, omnes, nemo non. 

every one, omnes, nemo non. 

everything; omnia, nihil non. 

evil, adj., malus. 

evil, n., malum. 

exaggerate, maius vero facere. 

examination, probatio. (+ Cic.) 

exceedingly, expressed by super- 
lative ; admodum, maxime. (See 
Chap. VI, 16.) 





VOCABULARY 


excellent, praestabilis (+ Cic.), 
egregius, bonus. 

except, nisi, praetor with acc. 

excess, nimium. 

excessive, maior, nimius. 

exclaim, render by inquam. 

exempt (be), carere. 

exercise, n., exercitatio. 

exercise, v., exercere. 

exist, esse, exsistere (come into 
existence). 

expect, exspectare; (with confi- 
dence), confidere. 

expectation, spes. 

expense, sumptus. 

experience, n., render by res. 

experience, v., experiri. 

explain, docere, explicare, ex- 
planare (+ Cic.), exponere. 

express, dicere. 
express surprise, mirari. 

expression, vox ; dictum. 

extent, magnitudo. 

extinguish, exstinguere. 

extremely, expressed by superla- 
tive; admodum. (See Chap. VI, 
16.) 

extricate, expedire. 

eye, oculus. 


face, n., facies, vultus (expression 
of countenance). 
face, v., adversari. 
fact, factum, res. 
in fact, etenim, quidem, vero, re 
vera. 
the fact that, id quod. 
fail, deficere. 
fair (of the landscape), amoenus. 
fairly, mediocriter. 
fall, concidere. 


VOCABULARY 


fall asleep, dormire incipere. 
fall ill, in morbum incidere. 
fall in love, amare coepisse. 
fall to one’s lot, contingere. 
fame, fama. 
familiar with (be), scire. 
family, familia, domus. 
famous, clarus, celeber. 
fancy, opinari. 
far (of degree), longe, multo; (of 
space), procul, longe. 
far away (be), procul abesse. 
farce, render by fabella. (+ Cic.) 
fare, agere. 
farewell, vale. 
farm, fundus. 
farmer, agricola. 
farmhouse, villa. 
fashion, mos. 
fastened, aptus. 
fatal (= destructive), pestifer 
(+Cic.) ,calamitosus, perniciosus. 
fate, fortuna. 
father, pater. 
fault (= defect), vitium ; culpa, 
peccatum. (+ Cic.) 
favor, gratia, beneficium. 
favorite, adj., gratissimus. 
fear, v., timere, metuere, vereri. 
fear, n., timor, metus. 
feast (the eyes), v., pascere. 
feast, n., convivium, epulae. 
February, Februarius (sc. men- 
sis). 
feel, sentire, 
experiri. 
feel need of, desiderare. 
feel regret, paenitere. 
feel well (of health), bene or 
recte valere. 
feeling, animus. 


putare, credere, 





129 


with feeling, ex animo. 
fertilize, stercorare. (+ Cic.) 
festival, sacrificium. (+ Cic.) 
festivity, sollemne. 
fetters, vincula. 
few (a), pauci. 
fiber, fibra. 
fifteen, quindecim. 
fifth, quintus. 
fifty, quinquaginta. 
fig, ficus. (+ Cic:) 
fight, pugnare. 
filcher, extortor. (+) 
filled (be), plenum esse, 
final, postremus, ultimus. 
finally, postremo, denique. 
find, reperire, invenire, cognos- 
cere; (of lodgings), conducere. 
find fault with, culpare, vitio 
habere. 
find out, invenire, reperire, com- 
perire. 
fine, praeclarus; (of appearance), 
ornatus; (of weather), sudus. 
(+ Cic). 
finish, conficere, transigere. 
fire, ignis, incendium. 
first, primum. 
at first, primo. 
from the first, iam inde a 
principio. 
fish, piscari. 
fit, dignus. 
fitting, idoneus. 
be fitting, decere. 
five, quinque. 
flagon, lagoena. 
flame, flamma. 
flash over one, percutere. 
flocks, render by oves. 
flog, verberare. 


(+ Cic.) 


(+ Cie.) 


130 


flogging, render by malum. 
flourish, florere, vigere. 
flower, flos. 
fiute-player, fidicen. (+ Cic.) 
follow, sequi, subsequi. 
following (the), render by hic. 
fond, amans with gen. 
food, cibus. 
foolishly, stulte. 
foot, pes. 
on foot, pedibus. 
to the foot (of the table), ad 
imum. 
footstep, vestigium. 
for, conj., nam, enim. 
for, prep., often expressed in dat., 
ace. of extent, abl. of price 
or cause, represents acc. and 
inf.; ad, in, per, with acc.; de 
with abl.; when concessive, ex- 
press the phrase by clause with 
quamvis. 
for example, exempli gratia or 
causa. 
force, vis. 
foreign, externus. 
forget, oblivisci. 
form (of a plan), capere. 
formally, rite. 
former, ille, prior. 
formerly, antea, ante. 
fortify, munire. 
fortunate, fortunatus. 
fortune, fortuna, res. 
forum, forum. 
foundation, fundamentum. 
founder, conditor. (+ Cic.) 
four, guattuor. 
fourth, quartus. 
fowl, gallina. 
France, Gallia. 





VOCABULARY 


frankly, aperte. 
free, adj., liber. 
free from (be), carere, liberari. 
freedman, libertus. (+ Cic.) 
freedom, libertas. 
friend, amicus, familiaris. 
friendship, amicitia. 
from, expressed by dat. with cer- 
tain verbs, and by abl. of separa- 
tion ; a, ab, de, e, ex, with abl. 
fruit, fructus. 
full, plenus. 
function, munus. 
furnish, praebere. 
further, longius. 
future, futurus. 
future generations, posteritas. 
G 
gain, n.,lucrum. (+ Cic.) 
gain, v., adipisci, assequi. 
gain a hearing, audientiam 
(+ Cic.) facere. 
game, ludus. 
garb, vestitus. 
garden, hortus. 
garrulous, loquax. (+ Cic.) 
gather (of crops), percipere. 
Gaul, Gallia. 
gazette, acta. 
generally, plerumque, vulgo. 
generation, aetas, saeculum. 
coming (or future) genera- 
tions, posteri, posteritas. 
the younger’ generation, 
iuvenes, adulescentes. 
gentile, lenis. 
gentlemen (0/ the jury), iudices. 
Germany, Germania. 
get (= receive), capere. 
get into (of mischief), render 
by facere. 


VOCABULARY 


get on, agere ; (Manage), rem 
gerere. 
get out (of a building), exire. 
get together (of money), con- 
quirere, conficere. 
get up, surgere. 
gift, donum, munus. 
girl, puella. 
give, dare, praebere. 
give attention, operam dare. 
give judgment, iudicium red- 
dere. 
give lessons, docere. 
give over to, tradere. 
give up, desistere. 
glad (be), gaudere, often expressed 
by libenter. 
gloomy, tristis. 
glorious, praeclarus, amplus. 
glory, gloria, fama. 
gO, ire, proficisci, progredi, disce- 
dere, petere. 
go ahead, antecedere; (make 
progress), procedere; (proceed 
with something in hand), per- 
gere. 
go down, descendere. . 
go on (farther), longius pro- 
gredi. 
go on their way, discedere. 
go out, exire; (of a flame), ex- 
stingui. 
go straight for, petere. 
go through (=cross), transire. 
go to and from, citro ultroque 
commeare. 
go to pieces (of a ship), 
frangi. 
go to the wall, pessum ire. 
goal, calx. 
goddess, dea. 





131 


good, bonus. 

good, n., bonum. 

good-by, vale. 

good heavens, pro deum fidem, 
or pro di immortales. 

good night, vale. 

goods (this world’s), res familia- 
ris. 

government (popular), render 
by respublica. 

gradually, paulatim. 

graft, v., inserere. 

grafting, insitio. (+ Cic.) 

grain, frumentum. 

grateful (be), gratiam habere. 

grateful, adj., gratus. 

gratification, voluptas. 

gratifying (be), iucundum esse. 
iuvare (used impersonally). 

graze, pasci. 

great, magnus, praeclarus, sum- 
mus. 

greatly, valde, vehementer, etc. 
(See Chap. VI, 16.) 

Greece, Graecia. 

greed, avaritia. 

Greek, Graecus. 
Greek (language), Graecae lit- 

terae. 

green, viridis. 

grief, dolor. 

grind, molere. 

ground, terra, locus, humus. 
on the ground, humi. 

group, circulus. 

grow, crescere ; (=become), fieri. 

guard, n., praesidium. 

guard (be on), cavere. 

guest, conviva. (+ Cic.) 

guilty, render by nocens. 
be guilty of, admittere in se. 


132 


H 


habit (be in), solere. 
hair, capillus. (+ Cic.) 
half, dimidium. 
hand, manus. 
be on hand, praesto esse. 
(+ Cie.) 
in hands of, penes. 
hand down, tradere. 
hang over, impendere. 
happen, accidere, evenire, fieri. 
happily, feliciter. m 
happiness, beata vita, felicitas. 
happy, felix, beatus. 
harbor, portus. 
hard, difficilis, gravis, durus: 
hardly, vix, aegre. 
hardship, labor, incommodum. 
harrow, occare. (+) 
haste (in), properans. 
hastily, celeriter. 
have, habere; (= receive), acci- 
pere. 
have bad cold, gravedine 
(+ Cic.) affici. 
have case in court, litigare. 
(+ Cie.) 
have experience, experiri. 
have fear, timere, metuere. 
have good time, bene esse 
with dat. of subj., oblectare 
with reflexive. 
have great influence, pluri- 
mum valere. 
have need of, egere, requirere, 
opus esse. 
have on hand, ad manum ha- 
bere. 
have to do with, pertinere. 
hay,faenum. (+) 


(+ Cic.) 





VOCABULARY 


he, usually unexpressed ; is, ille. 
head, caput. 
be at head of, praeesse. 
from head of table, a summo. 
(+ Cie.) 
health, valetudo. 


healthful, salubris. (+ Cic.) 
hear, audire. 
hearing, audientia. (+ Cic.) 


heart, animus, pectus. 

heart’s content, render by ani- 
mum explere. 

heart’s desire, desiderium. 
set the heart on, expetere. 

hearth, focus. 

hearty (of applause), multiplex. 
(+ Cic.) 

heavy, gravis. 

help, v., sabsidium, auxilium. 

help, v., iuvare, auxiliari. 

hence (in expression of time), 
render by ad. 

herd, pecus. 

here, hic, hoc loco. 
be here, adesse. 
here it is, ecce. 

hesitate, dubitare with inf. 

high (of price), magnus; (of office), 
amplus. 

higher (of classes), 
(of studies), liberalis. 

highest (of praise), summus. 

highly, render by indef. gen., 
magni. 

himself, as intensive, ipse; as re- 
flexive, se. 

hindrance, impedimentum. 

hire, conducere. 

his, eius; as reflexive, suus; often 
unexpressed. 

historian, scriptor rerum. 


superior ; 


VOCABULARY 133 
history, res gestae, historia. | however, autem, sed, enim (the 
(+ Cie.) last pointing back to a suppressed 
hither and thither, huc et illuc.| thought). 
(+ Cic.) huge, ingens. 
hog, poreus. (+ Cic.) human, humanus. 


hold, tenere. 
hold back, coercere. 
hold in high esteem, magni 
aestimare. 
hold upright (+ Cic.), erigere. 
holidays, feriae, dies feriatus. 
(+ Cie.) 
home, domus. 
at home, domi; (in a subject), 
peritus. 
homesickness, desiderium. 
homeward (of a stretch in a 
race-course), Supremus. 
honey, mel. 
honor, 7., honor. 
honor, v., colere, honorare, hono- 
rem conferre. 
honorable, honorabilis. 
hope, 7., spes. 
hope, v., sperare. 
Horace, Horatius. 
horse, equus. 
on horseback, equo. 
host, hospes ; (= throng), multi- 
tudo. 
hour, hora. 
house, domus, aedes, domicilum. 
at our house, apud nos. 
household, familia. 
how, quam, ut, quo modo, quem ad 
modum. 
how do you do? quid agis? 
how great or much, quantus. 
how many, quot. 
no matter how great, quan- 
tumvis. 


(+ Cic.) 





human being, homo. 
humor (good), render 
humanitas. 
hundred, centum. 
hunt, venari. 
hunting, venatio. 
forhunting, venaticus. (+ Cic.) 
hurry, properare. 
husbandman, agricola. 
Hymettus (from), Hymettius. 


by 


I 

I, ego, nos. 
idea (often untranslated), suspicio. 
idle, iners, piger. 
idleness, inertia. 
if, si. 

if not, nisi. 
ignorant, ignorare, inscius. 

be ignorant of, ignorare. 
ill (be), aegrotare. (+ Cic.) 

fall ill, in morbum incidere. 
ill-natured, malevolus. (+ Cic.) 
illness, morbus. 
illustrious, clarus, illustris. 
imagine, fingere. 
imitate, imitari. 
imitator, imitans. 
immediate, render by ipse. 
immediately, statim. 
immensely, mirifice. 
immortal, immortalis. 
immortality, immortalitas. 

(+ Cic.) 
impatient (be), aegre ferre. 
impetuous, ferox. 


(+ Cic.) 


134 


importance (be of great or lit- 
tle), magni or parui esse. 
important, magnus, 
how important, quanti. 
impose, imponere. 
impression, opinio. 
impressive, gravis. 
improve, melius facere. 
in, in with abl. or acc.; apud with 
acc. 
incompetent, insipiens. (+ Cic.) 
inconvenience, incommodum. 
inconvenient, incommodus. 
increase, augere. 
indecision, inconstantia. (+ Cic.) 
indifferent (be), neglegere. 
indigestion, cruditas. (+ Cic.) 
indispensable, necessarius. 
individual, render by singuli. 
indoors (shut), intus includere. 
induce, persuadere. 
industrious, diligens. 
infirmity, vitium. 
influence, auctoritas, potestas. 
be under influence of, incitari 
with abl. 
informal (of discourse), remissus. 
informed (be), certior fieri. 
inhabitant, incola. 
injury, damnum, detrimentum. 
inkstand, atramentarius. (+ Cic.) 
inn, devorsorium. 
innocent, innocens. 
inquire, quaerere. 
insomnia, insomnium. 
instinct, render by desiderium. 
institution, render by institutum. 
instruct, instituere, praecipere. 
instruction, disciplina. 
intellectual (pursuits), ingenia. 
intensity, fervor. (+ Cic.) 





VOCABULARY 


interest, studium; (= advan- 
tage),commodum ; (onmoney), 
fenus (+ Cic.); at twelve per 
cent a year, centesima (+Cic.) ; 
at six per cent, semissibus. 
be for one’s interest, inter- 
esse, referre. 
interested (be), curare, studere, 
delectari. 
interesting, iucundus, 
animum intendens. 
intimate (most), summus. 
into, in with acc. 
introduce, introducere. 
intrust, committere, credere. 
invitation (send), per litteras 
invitare. 
invite, vocare, invitare. 
involve, habere. 
involved, impeditus. 
it, usually unexpressed ; id. 
Italy, Italia. 
its, when expressed, eius; (reflex- 
ive), suus. 
itself, sui. 
in itself, per se. 


gratus, 


J 


jar, vas. (+ Cic.) 

jointed, geniculatus. 

journey, iter. (+ Cic.) 

joy, gaudium, laetitia. 

judge (on the bench), praetor, 
iudex quaestionis. 

judgment, aestimatio. (+ Cic.) 
iudicium, sententia. 

Julius Caesar, Iulius Caesar. 

jumping, saltus. (+ Cic.) 

jump out, exsilire. 

junior, iunior. 

juror, iudex. 


VOCABULARY 


jury, indices. 
just, adj., iustus. 
just, adv. (= precisely), ipse ; 
(=only) modo; (of time), com- 
modum. 
just as, sicut. 
just now, nunc cum maxime. 
justice, ius. 
Juvenal, Iuvenalis. 


keep, tenere. 
keep body and soul to- 
gether, inopiam tolerare. 
keep from, prohibere. © 
keep in mind, memoria tenere. 
keep saying, dictitare. 
well kept (of a garden), bene 
cultus. 
kill, interficere, occidere. 
kin, genus. 
next of kin, proximus genere. 
kind, n., genus. 
of what kind, qualis. 
kind, adj., benignus. 
be kind, benigne facere. 
kindness, benignitas. 
king, rex. : 
kitchen garden, hortus. (+ Cic.) 
knife, culter; (of the pruner), 
ferrum. 
know, scire, cognoscere. 
not to know, nescire. 
knowledge, notitia (+ Cic.), 
scientia, doctrina. 
known, notus. 


labor, labor. 

laborer (one working by the 
day), opera. 

lack, inopia. 





135 


lacking (be), deesse. 
laden, oneratus. 
lament, deplorare. 
lamp, lumen. 
land, terra, ager 
@ small piece of land, agel- 
lum. (+ Cic.) 
language, lingua. 
lap (in a race), spatium. 
large, magnus. 
last, adj. (of what immediately 
precedes), proximus ; (last of all) 4 
ultimus; (last of a Series), 
postremus; (= final), supremus, 
last, adv., proxime. 
late, sero. 
later, posterius. 
latest, recentissimus. 
Latin, n., Latina, Latinae litterae. 
Latin, adj., Latinus. 
in Latin, Latine, in Latinum. 
Latin composition, Latine 
reddenda. 
latter, hic. 
law, lex, ius. 
lawyer, iuris consultus, 
lay aside, deponere. 
lay out, discribere. 
lazy, piger, iners. 
lead, ducere; (of life), agere. 
leadership (of bar), regnum 
iudiciale. 
learn, discere, comperire, cognos- 
cere. 
learn lesson, meditari. 
learning, doctrina, litterae. 
man of learning, homo (vir) 
doctus. 
least (at), quidem, saltem. 
leave, relinquere. 
take leave, discedere. 


136 VOCABULARY 
lecture notes, commentarii.| little, adv., paulum, aliquanto, 
(+ Cic.) parum. 


leisure, n., otium. 
leisure, adj., otiosus. (+ Cic.) 
length (of time), diuturnitas. 
less, minor. 
let (= allow), pati; expressed by 
subjv. or imper. 
let me know, facere ut sciam. 
let out, eximere. 
letter, epistula, litterae. 
liberal (of studies), bonus, liberalis. 
liberality, benignitas. 
library, bibliotheca. 
lie, iacere. 
life, vita. 
ancient life or times, antiquitas. 
active life, res agendae. 
business of life, usus. 
country life, res rusticae 
light, adj., levis. 
light, ., lux, lumen. 
lighten, levare. 
lightly, temere. 
like, adj., similis; often expressed 
by sicut. 
like, v., expressed by libenter; 
laudare, probare, iuvare. 
I should like, velim with inf. 
or subjv. 
likely, verisimile. 
likewise, item. 
liking (according to), ex sen- 
tentia. 
Lincoln, Lincolnius. 
line, linea. (+ Cic.) 
listen, audire. 
listless, languidus. 
literary (men), scriptores. 
literature, litterae. 


little, adj., parvus. 


(+ Cic.) 


(+ Cic.) 





a little before, paulo ante. 
live, vivere; (= dwell), habitare. 
living (= livelihood), victus. 
loaf, panis. (+ Cic.) 
loan, n.,mutuum. (+ Cic.) 

make loan, pecuniam mutuam 

(+ Cic.) dare. 
long, adj.(of extension), longus ; (of 
time), longinquus, diuturnus. 
long, adv., diu, longe. 

as long as, dum. 

long ago, pridem dudum. 

long after, multo post. 

long time (a), diu. 

no longer, non iam. 
long for, optare. 
look (at), intueri. 

look back on, respectare. 

look down on, despicere. 

look forward, exspectare. 
look into, prospicere. 

look on (consider), habere with 

jinal dat. 

look upon, aspicere. 
lose, amittere, perdere. 


loss, detrimentum, damnum 
(+ Cic.); (of human beings), 
pernicies. 


lost (be), perire, interire. 
lot, fortuna. 

love, n., amor. 

love, v., amare, diligere. 
lover, amans. 

lower, inferior. 

low lying, humilis. 
loyalty, fides. 

lucky, felix. 

luggage, sarcinae. 
lungs, latera. 


VOCABULARY 


M 
Maecenas, Maecenas. 
maiden, virgo. 
main, maximum, pulcherrimum. 
make, facere, efficere. 

make difference, interesse. 

make escape, effugere. 

make resistance, resistere. 

make to totter, labefactare. 

make trial of, experiri. 

make up mind, decernere, pla- 

cere. 

make way, petere. 
man, homo, vir; (= one), aliquis. 
manage, rem gerere. 
manhood, render by constans 

aetas. 
manifold, multiplex. 
manner, modus. 

manner of life, modus vitae; 

(with reference to necessities), 
victus, 

mannerly, ut decet. 

many, multi. 

a good many, permulti. 
marry, in matrimenium ducere. 
marsh, palus. 
mass (of people), vulgus. 
mast, malus. 
master (with respect to inferiors), 

ipse. 

master of school, magister. 

master of slaves, erus. 

master of the feast, magister 
bibendi. 
matter, res. 
as a matter of, expressed by 
abl. 
mature, maturus. 
maturity, maturitas. 
may, posse, licere. 





137 


meadow, pratum. 

mean (in reference to something 
which has been said), dicere; 
velle with dat. ; (indicating scope, 
intent), significare ; (= intend), 
velle. 

means (small), paupertas. 
of small means, pauper. 

meantime, interim, interea. 

meet, obviam ire, convenire. 

meeting, coetus. 

member, sodalis, socius. 

memory, memoria. 

mention, n., mentio. (+ Cic.) 

mention, v., mentionem facere. 

merchant, mercator. 

mere, render by nihil nisi. 

merely, tantum. 

merrily, hilare. (+ Cic.) 

messenger, nuntius. 

method, modus, ratio. 

middle age, media aetas. 

midst, medius. 

mighty, potens. 

milk, lac. 

mill, pistrinum. (+ Cic.) 

mina, mina. (+ Cic.) 


‘| mind, mens, animus, ingenium. 


mine, meus. 

minor, minor. 

mirror, speculum. 

mischief, malum. 

misfortune, casus, malum. 

misgiving (have), render by 
timere or metuere. 

miss, praetermittere. 

missive, epistula. 

moderation, moderatio. 

modern, recens. 

modest, modicus. 

moisture, aqua. 


(+ Cic.) 


(+ Cic.) 


138 
moment (for a), paulisper, pa- 
rumper. (+ Cic.) 
money, pecunia ; (coin or cash), 
nummus. 
travelling money, viaticum. 
(+ Cic.) 


month, mensis. 
monument, monumentum. 
more, adv., magis, plus, amplius. 
a little more, plusculum. 
(+ Cic.) 
more, adj., maior. 
moreover, sed, autem. 
morning, mane. 
early in the morning, bene or 
multo mane. 
most, plerusque. 
mother, mater. 
mould, formare. 
mountain, mons. 
mountain high, instar montis. 
move, movere; (=remove), 
migrare; (of the emotions), com- 
movere. 
much, adj., multus. 
much, adv., multum. 
much the same, idem fere. 
mule, mulus. (+ Cic.) 
murder, caedes. 
muscle, lacertus. 
muse, musa. 
mute (be), obmutescere. 
my, meus. 
myself, mei. 


(+ Cic.) 


N 


name, nomen. 
nation, gens. 
natural (be), decere. 
nature, natura. 
nay, immo. 





VOCABULARY 


near, prope. 
be near to, prope, abesse ab 
with abl. 
necessarily, necessario. 
necessary, necessarius. 
necessity, necessitas. 
need, n., opus. 
need, v., opus esse. 
neglect, n.,neglegentia. (+ Cic.) 
neglect, v., neglegere. 
neighbor, vicinus. 
neighborhood, vicinitas (+ Cic.), 
propinqua. 
neither, pron., neuter. 
neither, conj., neque (nec). 
neither ...mnor, neque... 
neque. 
never, numquam, nec umquam. 
nevertheless, tamen. 
new, novus, recens. 
newly (=recently), nuper, modo. 
news, nuntium, novum. 
newspaper, acta diurna. 
next, posterus, proximus. 
night, nox. 
nineteenth, 
(+ Cic.) 
no (in answers), minime. 
no, adj., nullus. 
no one, nemo; (with negatives), 
quisquam. 
noble, magnus. 
noise, strepitus. 
none, nemo, nullus. 
nonsense (as 
fabulae. 
nor, neque. 
not, non; (with and), neque; (as 
negative of single words), haud ; 
(see Chap. VI, 14). 
notable, insignis. 


undevicesimus. 


exclamation), 


VOCABULARY 


noted, nobilis, insignis. 
nothing, nihil; (with negatives), 
quicquam. 
notice, animadvertere; expressed 
also by non fugere, non fallere. 
I have noticed, me non fugit, 
me non fefellit. 
nourishing, almus. 
now, nunc, iam. 
just now, nunc cum maxime. 
nowadays, hoc tempore. 
nowhere, nusquam. 
number, numerus. 
one of our number, unus (or 
quidam) de nostris. 


Oo 
Oar, remus. 


object, res. 

oblige (= require), cogere. 

obliged (be) (i.e. indebted), gra- 
tum esse with dat. 

oblivious, obliviosus. 

obol, obolus. (+) 

observe, spectare, animadvertere. 

obtain (with effort), adipisci ; 
(through luck), nancisci ; 
(= hold, maintain, keep), ob- 
tinere ; (through petition), im- 
petrare; (= receive), accipere. 

occasion, tempus; (as incidental 
cause), causa. 

occasionally, aliquando, inter- 
dum. 

occupant, is qui tenet. 

occupation, quaestus. 

occupy, occupare, complere; (of 
a house), tenere. 

occur, in mentem venire. 

ocean, oceanus. 

o’clock, hora. 


(+ Cic.) 





139 


ode, carmen. 
of (often unexpressed); (= at), 
apud ; (= concerning), de; 
(when partitive), de, e, ex, 
with abl. 
of course, videlicet. 
offence, peccatum. 
offer (= give assurance of), 
promittere. 
office, magistratus. 
officer, praefectus. 
often, saepe. 
oh, render by vero. 
oh, no, minime vero. 
oh, yes, maxime vero. 
oil, oleum. 
old, senex, vetus, grandis natu. 
old age, senectus, 
older, maior natu. 
Olive oil, oleum. 
olive tree, oliva. 
Olympia, Olympia. 
on, in with abl.; in with acc.; 
propter with acc. ; de with abl. 
on the subject of, de. 
once, olim, quondam. 
at once, statim, ilico. 
once (for all), semel. 
one, unus, quidam, aliquis; very 
often expressed by the indefi- 
nite second person. 
one... another, alius...alius. 
one ... the other, alter... 
alter. 
with one another, inter se. 
only, adj., unicus, solus. 
only, adv., tantum, modo; solus 
in agreement with numeral. 
open (square), 7., render by area. 
(+ Cic.) 
open, v., aperire, explicare, 


(+ Cic.) 


140 


open a book, volumen expli- 
care. 
open a school, ludum aperire. 
opinion, sententia, iudicium, aes- 
timatio. 
opportunity, occasio, potestas. 
opposite, ex adverso. 
or, aut, an, vel; or not (in direct 
questions), annon; (in indirect), 
neene. 
orator, orator. 
order, iubere. 
Orestes, Orestes. 
origin, origo. 
orphaned, orbatus. (+ Cic.) 
orphaned maiden, orba. 
(+ Cic.) 
other, alius; (of two), alter. 
others (the) ceteri, reliqui. 
otherwise, aliter. 
our, when emphatic, noster. 
ourselves, nos, nos ipsi. 
out (of dining), foris. 
out of doors, foris, foras. 
out of sorts, tristis. 
outlook, prospectus. 
outlying, remotus. 
outside, extra. 
over (of space), per with acc. 
overcome, superare, vincere. 
overdone, nimius. 
overland, abl. of terra. 
overnight, per noctem. 
overtake, opprimere. 
overthrow, evertere. 
overvalue, nimis magni facere, 
aestimare. 
overwhelm (of grief), affligere. 
owe, debere. 
own, expressed by poss. pron., 
personal or reflexive. 





VOCABULARY 


owner, dominus. 
OX, bos. 
Oxford, Oxonium. 


P 


pack up, colligere. 
painfully, aegre, 
(+ Cic.) 
painter, pictor. (+ Cic.) 
parent, parens. 
Paris, Lutetia, Parisii. 
park, horti. (4+ Cic.) 
part, pars; (a réle), 
persona. 
for my part, meam partem, 
vicem. 
good parts, bona indoles. 
pass, agere, degere; (= Cross), 
transire. 
pass by, praeterire. 
pass over, praemittere, omit- 
tere. 
passage (in a poem), locus. 
passenger, vector. (+ Cic.) 
past (of time), render by hic. 
patience, patientia. 
patient, n., aeger, aegrotus. 
(+ Cie.) 
pay, persolvere. 
pay one’s way, symbolam (+) 
dare. 
to earn pay, stipendium eme- 
rere. 
peace, pax. 
pear, pirum. (+ Cic.) 
pear tree, pirus. (+ Cic.) 
penny by penny, render by un- 
ciatim. (+) 
people, often unexpressed ; popu- 
lus, homines, plebs, cives. 
perfectly, maxime. 


operose. 


partes, 


VOCABULARY 


perform, facere, exsequi, per- 
fungi. (+ Cic.) 

performance (of a play), perac- 
tio. (+ Cic.) 

Pergamum, Pergamum., 

perhaps, fortasse. 

peril, periculum. 

permit, pati. 

perplexity, render by dubium. 

person, omitted in translation. 

persuade, suadere, persuadere. 

perverter, contortor. (+) 
perverter of the laws, legum 

contortor. (-+) 

phases, vices. 

philosopher, philosophus. 

philosophy, philosophia. (+ Cic.) 

Phormio, Phormio. 

physical, render by gen. of corpus. 

physician, medicus. (+ Cic.) 

piece (of land), ager. 

pitch (of camp), ponere. 

pitied (to be), miserandus, mise- 
rabilis. 

pity, n., misericordia. 

pity, v., miserere. 

place, locus; (= town), oppidum. 
in the first place, primum. 
place of safety, tutum. 

place, v., ponere. 

plan, consilium. 

plant, serere, conserere. 

Plato, Plato. 

play, n., fabula. 

play, v. ludere; (on the stage), 
agere, peragere. 

play part (perform duty), officio 
fungi. 

player, histrio. 

plead, agere. 

' plead cases, causas agere. 


(+ Cic.) 





141 


plead one’s own case, causam 


dicere. 
pleader, patronus. (+ Cic.) 
pleasant, iucundus, _ suavis, 


(+ Cic.) amoenus. 
please, placere, gratum esse. 
if you please, sis, sodes. 
(+ Cic.) 
pleasure, voluptas. 
plenty (of), copia. 
plough, arare. 
plum, prunum. (+) 
plunge (headlong), 
ferri. 
pneumonia, dolor laterum. 
poem, carmen. 
poet, poeta. 
point (in discourse), locus; (= 
(consideration) res. 
in point of, expressed by abl. 
of specification. 
point out, indicare. 
policy, consilium. 
politics, render by respublica. 
Pompeii, Pompeii. 
poor (in property), pauper, egens ; 
(as term of pity), miser. 
population, multitudo homi- 
num. 
port, portus. 
portray, depingere. 
position, dignitas. 
possess, habere. 
possessed of, praeditus. 
possible (be), posse. 
possibly, fortasse. 
post (in public), proponere. 
posterity, posteritas, posteri. 
postman, tabellarius. (+ Cic.) 
postpone, proferre. 
poverty, egestas. 


praeceps 


(+ Cic.) 


142 


power, potestas, potentia. 

powerful, potens, validus. 

practical (affairs), render by res 
agendae. 

praise, laus. 

precept, praeceptum. 

predict, praedicere. 

prefer, malle. 

prepare, parare ; (by instruction), 
instruere. 

presence, praesentia. 

present, n., donum, munus. 

present, adj., praesent, hic. 
present day, render by hic. 

present, v., donare. 

present (be), adesse; (take part 
in), interesse. 

preserve, conservare. 

preside, praesidere. 

president, praeses. 

prevail, persuadere. 

prevent, prohibere. 

price, pretium. 

prisoner (at the bar), reus. 

private, privatus; in private, 
domi. 

proceed, pergere. 

produce, n., fructus. 

produce, v., creare, ferre; (of a 
play), docere; (of a witness), 
producere. 

productive, fecundus. 

products (of the soil), fruges. 

professor, vir doctus; (= teach- 
er), magister. 

proficient (be), proficere. 

profit, lucrum. (+ Cic.) 

profitably, utiliter. (+ Cic.) 

prologue, prologus. (+) 

promising, bona spe praeditus, 

promote, adiuvare. 


(+ Cic.) 





VOCABULARY 


prompt, promptus. 
proof, argumentum. 
prop, adminiculum. (+ Cic.) 
property, res familiaris, bona. 
proportion (in), after compara- 
tives render by quam and pro 
with abl. 
prospect, spes. 
prostrate, affligare. 
protect, defendere. 
protection, fides. 
proverb, proverbium. (+ Cic.) 
provided, dum modo. 
prune, amputare. (+ Cic.) 
pruning, n., amputatio. (+ Cic.) 
public, adj., publicus. 
public, n., populus. 
in public, palam, in oculis 
civium. 
public spirited, bonus. 
publish, edere. 
punish, punire. 
punishment, supplicium, poena. 
pupil, discipulus. (+ Cic.) 
purchase, emere. 
pure, purus. 
purple (robe), purpura. 
purpose, consilium. 
purse, render by opes. 
pursue, exercere. (+ Cic.) 
pursuit, agitatio, studium. 
put, ponere. 
put down as gain, in lucro 


ponere. (+ Cic.) 
put in chains, in vincula coni- 
cere. 


put in the mouth of, tribuere. 

put on, constituere. 

put out (of vine shoots), fun- 
dere. 

put stress on, probare. 





PRAR 











4 


OF THE 
UNIVERSITY 
OF 
VOCABULA CALiFORNE 148 
put to death, interficere, occi- | receiver, render by accipiens or 
dere. relative clause. 
Pythian, Pythius. recent, recens, hic. 
recently, nuper. 
Q recite, recitare. 
quadrangle, render by area. | recognition (in), propter. 
(+ Cic.) recognize, noscere. 


quality, indoles, ars. (+ Cic.) 
quantity (of water), agmen. 
queen, regina. 

question (be a), agi de with abl. 
quickly, celeriter. 

quiet, quietus, tranquillus. 


quincunx, quincunx. (+ Cic.) 
quite, satis. 

R ’ 
race, genus; (a contest), cursus. 


rain, imber. 
raise, tollere. 
rampart, vallum. 
rashness, temeritas. 
rather, potius. 
rather a, expressed by a com- 
parative alone, or with paulo 
or aliquanto. 
reach, pervenire, advenire. _ 
read, legere. 
reader, legens, lector. 
readily, facile, libenter. 
readiness (be in), paratum esse. 
realize, sentire, intellegere, effi- 
cere, impetrare. 
really, vero. 
reap, render by capere. 
reason, ratio. 
for the reason that, quod, quia. 
for this reason, quam ob rem. 
reasonable, prudens. 
recall, revocare. 
receive, accipere. 
receive a visit, conveniri. 





red, rubens ruber. 
(+ Cie.) 
refer, referre with ad and acc. 
reflect, cogitare. 
refiection, cogitatio. 
refresh, reficere. 
refuse, recusare, nolle. 
regard, haberi with final dat. and 
pro with able 
regret, paenitere. 
reign, regnum. 
rejoice, gaudere, laetari, delectare. 
relate, narrare, dicere. 
relate to, attinere ad with acc. 
relish, titillatio. (++ Cic.) 
remain, manere. 
remark, render by inquam. 
remarkable, insignis. 
remember, meminisse. 
remembrance, memoria. 
remedy, remedium. (-+ Cic.) 
remind, admonere. 
remove, interdicere. 
removed (be far), longe abesse. 
repay, referre. 
reply, respondere. 
reprehensible, vitiosum. (+ Cic.) 
represent, facere, inducere. 
reproach, n., culpa, vituperatio. 
reproach, v., culpare, vituperare. 
republic, res publica. 
reputation, fama. 
require, postulare, cogere, iubere. 
rest, quies. 
the rest, ceteri, reliqui. 


(+ Cic.), 


144 


reside, habitare. 
resignation, aequus animus. 
resist, resistere. 
resolution (of the senate), con. 
sultum. 
resolve, velle, decernere, placere. 
resonance, canorum. 
resourcefulness, consilium. 
resources, opes. 
respect, res. 
in what respect? quid? 
respect, vereri. 
responsible (be), stare. 
I am responsible, per me ste- 
tit ut. 
responsibility, cura. 
restore, restituere, reddere. 
result (is), quo factum est ut. 
retentive, memor. 
return, n., reditus; 
soil), fructus. 
return, redire. 
reveal, indicare. 
reward, praemium. 
rich, dives. 
right, n., fas. 
right (be all), bene habere with 
reflex. pron. 
rightly, bene, recte. 
ripen, maturare, 
(+ Cic.) 
rise, adsurgere, surgere. 
road, via, iter. 
rob, eripere. 
rock, saxum. 
Roman, Romanus. 
Rome, Roma. 
row (in theatre), cavea; (of trees), 
ordo. 
rule (as a), plerumque. 
rumbling (noise), murmur. 


(from the 


maturescere. 





VOCABULARY 


run, currere. 
running, cursus. 
Ss 
Sabines (the), Sabini. 
sack, saccus (+ Cic.), sacculus. 
(+ Cie.) 
sacred, sacer. 
sacrifice (= effort), opera. 
sacrilege, religio. 
sad, tristis. 
sadness, tristitia. 
safely, tuto. 
safety, salus. 
sail, navigare. 
sake, gratia, causa, with gen. 
sale, venditio. (+ Cic.) 
for sale, venalis. 
salute, salutare. 
same, idem. 
satisfy, explere. 
save, servare; (= put aside) re- 
ponere, conservare. 
saving (be very), parce sumptum 
facere. (+ Cic.) 
savings, render by rel. clause with 
reponere or conservare. 
say, dicere, loqui, inquam. 
say good-by, dicere vale. 
saying, dictum. 
scanty, exiguus. 
scarcely, vix. 
scarcity, inopia. 
scholar, vir doctus, eruditus. 
school, ludus, schola. (+ Cic.) 
school boy, discipulus. (+ Cic.) 
sea, mare. 
sea-deep, profundus. 
season, tempus. 
in due season, tempore. 
seat, sedes. 
take seat, considere. 


VOCABULARY 


second, secundus, alter. 

see, videre, intellegere, cernere, 
conspicere. 

seeing that, quoniam. 

seed, semen. 

seek, petere, quaerere, expetere. 

seeker, render by expetens. 

seem, videri. 

seldom, raro. 

select, eligere, deligere. 

self-control, temperantia, mode- 
ratio. 

self-possessed, aequus. 

sell, vendere. 
sell cheaply, bene vendere. 
sell dearly, male vendere. 

senate, senatus. 

senate house, curia. 

send, mittere. 
send for, arcessere. 
send forth (of plants), elicere. 
send word, nuntiare. 

senior, senior. 

senses, render by corpus. 

sensible, prudens. 

sentence, sententia. 

separation, discessus. 

serious, gravis. 

servant, servus. 

service, meritum, munus, opera. 

set out, proficisci. 

seven, septem. 

seventy, septuaginta. 

several, aliquot, complures. 

severe, gravis. 

severity, severitas. 

shade, umbra. 

shake, concutere. 

share, v., communicare. 

share, n., symbola. (-+ Cic.) 

sheep, ovis. 





145 


ship, navis. 
shoot (of plants), sarmentum. 
shop, taberna. 
short, brevis. 
in short, quid multa. 
should, render by opertere, de- 
bere, the gerundive. 
shoulder, umerus. 
show, ostendere, praestare, tri- 
buere. 
shut (up), includere, concludere. 
Sicily, Sicilia. 
sick, aegrotus. (+ Cic.) 
be sick, aegrotare. (+ Cic.) 
side, latus. 
sight, aspectus, species, spectac- 
ulum, 
similar, similis. 
since, cum. 
since then, ex quo tempore. 
sing, dicere. 
sir (in address), render by viz 
optime. 
sister, soror. 
sit together, considere. 
sit down, adsidere. 
six, sex. 
at six per cent, semissibus. 
(+ Cic.) 
six hundred, sescenti. 
size, magnitudo. 
skilful, sollers. 
skilfully, perite. 
skill, sollertia, ars. 
skilled, peritus. 
sky, caelum. 
slave, servus. 
slavery, servitus. 
sleep, v., dormire. 
sleep, n., somnus. 
slight, levis, paululus. 


(+Cic.) 
(+ Cic.) 


146 


slowly, sensim (+ Cic.), leniter, 
tarde. 
sluggish, iners. 
slumber, n., somnus. 
small, parvus, paululus. 
smile, ridere. 
smoke, n., fumus. 
smoke, v., fumare. 
snake, serpens. 
so, tam, ita, sic; 
ingly), itaque. 
so called, qui (quae, 
dicitur. 
and so forth (on), et cetera. 
so far, adhuc. 
so many, tot. 
so much, tantus. 
so much... as, 
quam. 
so so (= moderately), sic. 
so that, ut. 
society, societas, vita civilis. 
Socrates, Socrates. 
soil, n., terra, solum. 
soiled, turpis 
soldier, miles. 
Solon, Solon. 
some, nonnullus, aliquis, quidam, 
nonnihil, sunt qui. 
some one, aliquis. 
some... others, alii... alii. 
somehow, nescio quo modo. 
something, aliquid. 
sometimes, nonnumquam. 
somewhat, aliquid, nonnihil; ex- 
pressed by comparative. 
son, filius. 
soon, brevi tempore, propediem, 
(+ Cic.) mox. 
Sophocles, Sophocles. 
sorry (be), dolore, paenitere. 


(= accord- 


quod) 


tam. << 





VOCABULARY 


soul, animus. 

sound, adj. (of advice), iustus. 

sound, sonitus. 

soundness (of body), siccitas. 

south (=southern part), ren- 
der by meridiana. 

space, spatium. 

spare, parcere. 

sparing, parcus. 

speak, loqui, dicere. 

spear, hasta, iaculum. 

special, proprius. 

speech, oratio. 

speed, celeritas. 

spend (of money), impendere; (of 
time), agere, degere; (of force), 
consumere. 

spirit, animus. 

splendid, praeclarus. 

spoil, praeda. 

spring (time), ver. 

squander, consumere, perdere. 

square (public), area. (+ Cic.) 

stable, firmus. 

stage, scaena. 
on the stage, in scaena, in 


fabulis. 

stage trappings, apparatus. 
(+ Cie.) 

stage performance, ludus 
scaenicus. 


stalk, culmus. 

stand, stare. 
stand in front of, adversari. 

standing, locus. 

standpoint (from the), expressed 
by abl. 

star, sidus. 

state, respublica. 

steadied, constans. 

steer for, render by occupare. 


(+ Cie.) 


VOCABULARY 


stem, stirps. 
stern, severus. 
still (concessive), tamen; (of time), 
adhuc; (of degree), etiam. 
stop, subsistere. 
stop overnight, manere. 
story, fabula. 
stout heart, bonus animus. 
straight, rectus. 
strange (of faces), ignotus. 
stream, rivus, flumen. 
street, via. 
strength, robur, vires. 
stretch (ofarace-course) ,spatium. 
homeward stretch, supre- 
mum spatium. 
strife, discordia, bellum. 
stripped, nudus. 
strive, niti. 
strong, validus, bonus; (of winds), 
vehemens. 
strongly, valde, maxime. 
student, studiosus. 
study, n., studium. 
study, v. (=be a student), 
studere, litteris studere. 
sturdy, validus. e 
subject, res, ars. 
on the subject of, de. 
substance (in), fere. 
substantially, fere. 
successful, bonus. 
successfully, bene, feliciter. 
such, talis, tantus, hic. 
in such wise, tali modo, sic. 
such as, talis... qualis,is... 
qui. 
suddenly, subito. 
suffer, pati; (of Joss), accipere. 
sufficient, satis. 
suggest, monere. 





147 


suitable, idoneus. 
summer, aestas. 
sunshine, sol. 
supply, n., copia. 
support, n. See prop. 
support, v., alere; (=rest on), 
niti. 
suppose, putare, ducere. 
sure, adj., certus. 
sure (be), credere, confidere. 
surely, certo, profecto. 
surprised (be), mirari, admirari, 
surprising, mirus. 
surround, 
survey, dimetiri. 
survive, superstes esse. (-++ Cic.) 
suspect, suspicari. 
sweat, sudor. 
swift, velox. 
sword, gladius. 
symptom, signum. 


= 
table, mensa. 
take, capere; (= fetch), ducere; 
(= raise), sumere. 
take care, curare. 
take interest in, studere, cu- 
rare. 
take into account, rationem 
ducere with gen. 
take leave, discedere. 
take note, animadvertere. 
take on, sumere. 
take place, fieri, accidere; (of 
the seating of an audience), 
considere. 
take trouble, operam ponere 
with in and abl. 
take up, suscipere, incipere. 
take leave, discedere. 


148 


talent, ingenium. 
talk, v., loqui. 
talk, sermo. 
talkative, loquax. 
tall, procerus, altus. 
tarry, commorari. 
task, opus, negotium, provincia, 
onus. 
taste, n., gustatus. (+ Cic.) 
taste, v., gustare. 
teach, docere. 
teacher, magister. 
tear, lacrima. 
be in tears, lacrimare. 
tell, narrare, dicere, certior fieri. 
tell me, dic mihi or (old imper- 
ative) cedo. (+ Cic.) 
tempered, conditus. 
ten, decem. 
tendril, clavicula. 
tenth, decimus. 
Terence, Terentius. 
term, verbum. 
on good terms, bene conveniens. 
terrible, terribilis. 
territory, ager, terra. 
than, quam. 
thank, gratias agere. 
thankful, gratus. 
that, dem. pron., ille, iste; often 
untranslated when referring to 
a previously expressed antece- 
dent. 
that of yours, iste. 
that, rel., qui, quae, quod. 
that, conj., unexpressed in acc. 
and inf. construction; (with 
causal significance), quod, quia, 
quo; (in final clauses contain- 
ing comparative), quo ; (in final 
and result clauses), ut. 


(+ Cic.) 


(+ Cic.) 





VOCABULARY 


that not, ne; with verbs of 
fearing, ut, ne non. 
the, as a rule untranslated; is, 
ille. 
the... the,eo. . quo; tanto 
-.. quanto; ut quisque... 
ita. (See Chap. VII, 20.) 
theatre, theatrum. 
their, eorum; (reflexive), suus; 
often unexpressed. 
themselves (intensive), 
(reflexive), se. 
then, tum, deinde. 
there, often untranslated ; ibi. 
therefore, igitur, itaque. 
they, usually implied in verb; 
(reflexive), se. 
thing, res. 
good things, bona, commoda. 
think, putare, existimare, indi- 
care, sentire, credere. 
think of, cogitare de with abl. 
I am inclined to think, haud 
scio (or nescio) an. 
third, tertius. 
thirst, sitis. 
thirty, triginta. 
this, hic, iste, is. 
thither, illuc. 
those, see that. 
thou, tu. 
though, quamquam, cum, etsi. 
thought (= opinion), sententia. 
thousand, mille, milia. 
three, tres. 
throng, v., stipare. 
throng, n., multitudo, concursus. 
through (of time), per with acc.; 
(by means of), abl. or per with acc. 
throw, iacere. 
throw on, inicere. 


ipse ; 


VOCABULARY 


thus, sic, ita. 
thy, tuus. 
ticket, tessera. (+ Cic.) 
tidings, nuntium. 
tile, tegula. (+) 
till, v., colere. 
till, conj., dum, donec, quoad. 
time, tempus, aevum. 
at some time, aliquo tempore. 
in time, tempore. 
time of life, aetas. 
tire (out), defatigare. 
be tired, taedere. 
Tiro, Tiro. 
to, expressed by acc. of limit; ad, 
in, with acc. 
to-day, hodie. 
of to-day, hodiernus. 
together, una. 
toil, n., labor. (+ Cic.) 
toil, v., desudare, elaborare. 
tongue, lingua. 
too, etiam, quoque, nimis. 
too little, parum. 
too much, nimium. 
topic, locus. 
torch, funale. 
toss, iactare. 
tooth, dens. 
touch (= concern), pertinere ad. 
toward, in, erga, ad, sub, with acc. 
town, oppidum. 


a little town, oppidulum. 
(+ Cie.) 

track, curriculum, stadium. 
(+ Cic.) 

trader, mercator. 

tragedy, tragoedia. (+ Cic.) 


trail, trahere. 
training, disciplina. 
tranquillity, aequus animus. 





149 


translate, reddere, vertere. 

travel, iter facere. 

traveller, viator. 

treasure, thesaurus. 

treat, tractare, esse de with abi., 
affiere with abil. 

tree, arbor. 

tremble, tremere. 

trick, fallacia. 


trifler, nugator. (+ Cic.) 
trip, iter. 
trouble, molestia. (+ Cic.) 


troublesome, molestus. 
true, adj., verus. 
trust, n., fides. 
trust, v., committere credere. 
truth, veritas, verum. 
try, conari. 
Tullia, Tullia. 
turn, vertere. 
turn attention to, operam dare, 


studere. 

turn to, converti with ad and 
acc. 

turn back on, relinquere, dis- 
cedere. 

turn out, accidere, evenire. 

turn steps to, toward, 
petere. 


turn, n., vicis. 
twelfth, duodecimus. 
twelve, duodecim. 
twenty, viginti. 
twice, bis. 

twist, contorquere. 


U 
ugly, turpis. 
ultimate, ultimus. 
unavailing (be), nihil prodesse. 
uncertain, incertus. 


150 


uncertainty, incertum. 
uncharmed, non captus. 
uncomfortable, molestus, 
commodus. 
under, in, sub with abl. 
understand, intellegere. 
undertake, suscipere. 
undertaking, res. 
undiminished (be), non minui. 
uneasy, inquietus. (+ Cic.) 
unexpected, improvisus. 
unexpectedly, de improviso. 
unfortunate, infelix. 
unfortunately, render by incom- 
mode. 
unhappy, infelix. 
university, universitas. (+ Cic.) 
unknown, ignotus. 
unless, nisi. 
unlike, dissimilis. 
unpleasant, iniucundus. 
unsatisfactory, non ex sententia. 
unteachable, indocilis. (+ Cic.) 
until, dum, donec, quoad. 
unusual, insolitus. 
unwelcome, ingratus. 
unwholesome, impurus. 
unwilling (ly), nolens, invitus. 
unworthy, indignus. 
up and down, sursum deorsum. 
(+ Cic.) 
uphold, sustentare. 
upon, in with abl. or aec. 
urge, suadere. 
urge (on), hortari. 
use, 7., usus. 
be of use, prodesse. 
use, v., uti, adhibere. 
used to, render by imperfect of 
the verb. 
useful, utilis. 


in- 





VOCABULARY 


usefully, utiliter. (+ Cic.) 

usual, render by rel. clause, quae 
solent. 

usually, plerumque. ‘ 

utmost, render by plenissime. 
(+ Cic.) 

utter, verbum facere, dicere. 


| utterly, omnino. 


V 


vacation, feriae (+ Cic.), res 
prolata. 
vain (in), frustra. 
valuable, pretiosus. 
value, n., pretium. 
value, v., aestimare, facere. 
varied, varius. 
variety, varietas. 
vegetable, holus. 
Vergil, Vergilius. 
verse, versus, carmen. 
very, ipse; admodum, valde, etc. 
(See Chap. V, 14.) 
not very, non ita. 
vice, vitium. 
vice versa, vice versa. 
victor, victor. 
victory, victoria. 
villa, villa. 
village, vicus. 
villain, homo sceleratus. 
vine, vitis. (+ Cic.) 
violent, vehemens. 
virtually, fere. 
virtue, virtus. 
voice, vox. 
volume, liber. 


(+ Cic.) 


(+) 


Ww 


wages, merces. 


walk, ambulare. (+ Cic.) 


VOCABULARY 


wall (of a _ house), 
(of a city), moenia. 

wane, consenescere. (+ Cic.) 

want (=wish), velle; (feel need 
of), desiderare. 

war, bellum. 

ward off, defendere. 

warn, monere. 

waste, abuti; (—)loose, perdere. 

watch (through), pervigilare. 
(+ Cic.) 


water, aqua. 


paries ; 


watering, irrigatio. (+ Cic.) 
wave, fluctus. 
waxen, cereus. (+ Cic.) 


way, modus, ratio, mos. 
on the way, petere. 
in every way, omnino. 
in way of, expressed by abl. 
we, nos. 
weak, 
firmus. 
wealth, divitiae, opes. 
weapons, arma. 
weather, tempestas, caelum. 
weave, contexere. 
wedding, nuptiae. 
weep, flere. 
weighty, gravis. 
welcome, gratus, acceptus; (in 
greetings), salvus. 
well, adv., bene; (introducing sen- 
tence), often wuntranslated ; 
age, igitur. 
well grounded, iustus. 
well kept, bene cultus. 
well known, notus. 
well, then, render by igitur. 
western (shore), render by ul- 
timae partes occidentis. 
what, inter., quid. 


imbecillus (+ Cic.), in- 





151 


what in the world, quid- 
nam. 
what, rel., quod, id quod. 
whatever, quidquid. 
when, inter., quando. 
when, re/., cum, ubi, postquam, 
ut. 
whenever, cum, ubi, etc. 
Chap. XXX VITZ, 80.) 
where, ubi (of rest); quo (of 
motion). 
whereas (adversative), cum. 
wherein, quo, in quo. 
wherever, ubicumque. 
whether (in indirect questions), 


(See 


num. 
whether... or, utrum...an; 
“ne... an; an. 


which, rel., qui, quae, quod. 
while, dum, cum. 

a little while, parumper, pau- 

lisper. 

who, inter., quis, quae, quid. 
who, rel., qui, quae, quod. 
whoever, quisquis. 
whole, totus, cunctus, omnis. 
whose, cuius. 
why, cur, quare, quia. 
why not, cur non, quin. 
wife, uxor. 
will (be), valere. 
will (good), voluntas. 
willing (be), velle. 
win, vincere, reportare. 
wind, ventus. 
window, fenestra. 
wine, vinum. 
winner, victor. 
wisdom, sapientia, prudentia. 
wise, sapiens. 


wisely, sapienter. (+ Cic.) 


152 


wish, see desire. 
wish joy, gratulare. 
wish well, cupere. 
wished (for), optatus. 
with, cum, apud. 
withdraw, avocare. 
within, expressed by abl.; intra 
with ace. 
without, sine with abl.; extra 
with acc.; neque with a clause. 
be without, carere, vacare. 
witness, testis. 
witty, facetus. (+ Cic.) 
woe, render by malum. 
woman, mulier. 
of a woman, 
(+ Cie.) 
wonder, mirari, admirari. 
wonderful, mirabilis. 
wont (be), consuescere, solere. 
word, verbum. 
work, n., labor, opus. 
work, v., laborare. 
work in, elaborare, with in and 
abl. 
world, sometimes omitted; orbis 
terrarum, gentes, homines, 
vita, res. 
allin the world, omnino omnis. 
all the world, omnes. 
the whole world, cuncti. 
worry, molestia. (+ Cic.) 
worth, pretium. 
worth while, operae pretium. 
worth so much, tanti esse. 


muliebris. 





VOCABULARY 


worthy, dignus. 
wretched, miser. 
write, scribere. 
write exchange, permutare. 
(+ Cic.) 
writer, scribens, scriptor. 
writing, scriptum. 
wrong (be), nefas esse. 
wrongdoing, peccatum, scelus. 


» 

year, annus. 
year by year, quotanris. 

yes, vero, ita, certe, maxume; 
expressed also by repetition of 
important word of the preceding 
clause. 

yesterday, heri (+ Cic.), hesterno 
die. 

yet (of time), adhuc; (concessive), 

tamen. 

and yet, atqui, at tamen. 
not yet, nondum. 

yield, reddere. 

you, tu, vos. 

young, adj., adulescens. (+ Cic.) 
young man, iuvenis, adules- 

cens. 

young woman, virgo. 

younger generation, iuvenes, 
adulescentes. 

youngest, minimus natu. 

your, tuus, vester. 

youth (in the abstract), adulescen- 
tia; (= boy), puer. 



















































































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